A. Rahim, S. , E. Nazier, and A. T. , Studies on the sexual behavior of the dromedary camel, Proceedings of 1 st International Camel Conference, 1992.

F. M. Abu-zidan, H. O. Eid, A. F. Hefney, M. O. Bashir, and F. Branicki, Camel bite injuries in United Arab Emirates: A 6 year prospective study, Injury, vol.43, issue.9, pp.1617-1620, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.injury.2011.10.039

J. Altmann, Observational Study of Behavior: Sampling Methods, Behaviour, vol.49, issue.3, pp.227-265, 1974.
DOI : 10.1163/156853974X00534

J. D. Bailey, L. H. Anderson, and K. K. Schillo, Effects of novel females and stage of the estrous cycle on sexual behavior in mature beef bulls, Journal of Animal Science, vol.83, issue.3, pp.613-624, 2005.
DOI : 10.2527/2005.833613x

C. Bhakat, S. Raghavendra, and M. S. Sahani, Effect of different management conditions on rutting behaviour of Indian dromedary camel, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, vol.17, issue.2, pp.1-13, 2005.
DOI : 10.9755/ejfa.v12i1.5085

J. L. Christie, C. J. Hewson, C. B. Riley, M. A. Mcniven, I. R. Dohoo et al., Management factors affecting stereotypies and body condition score in non-racing horses in Prince Edward Island, Canadian Veterinary Journal, vol.47, pp.136-143, 2006.

D. Morel and M. C. , Stallion Management. Equine Reproductive Physiology, Breeding and Stud Management, 2003.

M. Dawkins, Behaviour as a tool in the assessment of animal welfare, Zoology, vol.106, issue.4, pp.383-390, 2003.
DOI : 10.1078/0944-2006-00122

A. Deen, Testosterone profiles and their correlation with sexual libido in male camels, Research in Veterinary Science, vol.85, issue.2, pp.220-226, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.10.012

J. E. Dinger and E. E. Noiles, Effect of Controlled Exercise on Libido in 2-Yr-Old Stallions, Journal of Animal Science, vol.62, issue.5, pp.1220-1223, 1986.
DOI : 10.2527/jas1986.6251220x

B. Dörges, J. Heucke, and H. Klingel, Behaviour and social organization of feral camels in Central Australia, 1992.

K. A. El-bahrawy, Reproductive Studies on Desert Animals: Sexual Behaviour and Semen Characteristics and Freezability of Male Dromedary Camels, 2005.

E. El-hassanein, An invention for easy semen collection from dromedary camels, El-Hassanein camel dummy In: Recent advances in camelid reproduction, Publisher: International Veterinary Information Service, 2003.

A. B. El-wishy, Reproduction in the male dromedary (Camelus dromedarius): A review, Animal Reproduction Science, vol.17, issue.3-4, pp.217-241, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-4320(88)90060-7

M. Fatnassi, B. Padalino, D. Monaco, T. Khorchani, G. M. Lacalandra et al., Evaluation of sexual behavior of housed male camels (Camelus dromedarius) through female parades: correlation with climatic parameters, Tropical Animal Health and Production, pp.10-1007, 2013.

B. Faye, M. Bengoumi, A. Cleradin, A. Tabarani, and Y. Chilliard, Body condition score in dromedary camel : A tool for management of reproduction, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, vol.13, issue.1, pp.1-06, 2001.
DOI : 10.9755/ejfa.v12i1.5193

R. Freire, P. Buckley, and J. J. Cooper, Effects of different forms of exercise on post inhibitory rebound and unwanted behaviour in stabled horses, Equine Veterinary Journal, vol.23, issue.5, pp.487-492, 2009.
DOI : 10.2746/095777309X383883

M. J. Haskell, K. Maslowska, D. J. Bell, D. J. Roberts, and F. M. Langford, The effect of a view to the surroundings and microclimate variables on use of a loafing area in housed dairy cattle, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, vol.147, issue.1-2, pp.28-33, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.04.016

B. H. Hoyer, Environmental enrichment " -Strategies to improve the housing conditions of breeding bulls. Impact on time budget, physical activity, rumination, sexual behavior and semen quality, Thesis Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, p.160, 2013.

N. Kataria and A. K. Kataria, Can prolactin be a measurable marker of stress in dromedaries?, Slovenian Veterinary Research, pp.133-138, 2010.

A. K. Kataria, N. Kataria, and R. Maan, Correlation of serum IgE with stress in Indian dromedaries affected with skin wounds, Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry, vol.6, issue.3, pp.17-24, 2010.

B. B. Khan, A. Iqbal, and M. Riaz, Production and management of camels: Part I, 2003.

E. D. Kirby, A. C. Geraghty, T. Ubuka, G. E. Bentley, and D. Kaufer, Stress increases putative gonadotropin inhibitory hormone and decreases luteinizing hormone in male rats, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, pp.11324-11329, 2009.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0901176106

V. Laudadio, V. Tufarelli, M. Dario, M. Hammadi, M. M. Seddik et al., A survey of chemical and nutritional characteristics of halophytes plants used by camels in Southern Tunisia, Tropical Animal Health Production, pp.209-215, 2009.

S. M. Mcdonnell, Reproductive behavior of stallions, Equine Practice, vol.2, issue.3, pp.535-555, 1986.

S. M. Mcdonnell, Reproductive behavior of stallions and mares: comparison of free-running and domestic in-hand breeding, Animal Reproduction Science, vol.60, issue.61, pp.60-61, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00136-6

J. J. Mcglone, H. V. Borell, J. Deen, A. K. Johnson, D. G. Levis et al., Review: Compilation of the scientific literature comparing housing systems for gestating sows and gilts using measures of physiology, behavior, performance, and health,The Professional Animal Scientist, pp.105-117, 2004.

K. N. Morgan and C. T. Tromborg, Sources of stress in captivity, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, vol.102, issue.3-4, pp.262-302, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.032

T. E. Orr, M. F. Taylor, A. K. Bhattacharyya, D. C. Collins, and D. R. Mann, Acute immobilization stress disrupts testicular steroidogenesis in adult male rats by inhibiting the activities of 17?-hydroxylase and 17, 20-lyase without affecting the binding of LH/hCG receptors, Journal of Andrology, vol.15, pp.302-308, 1994.

B. Padalino, M. Fatnassi, D. Monaco, M. Hammadi, T. Khorchani et al., A new ethogram for evaluating housed male dromedary camel behavior and libido, Proceeding of the XI congress of Italian Society of Animal Reproduction (SIRA), pp.137-142, 2013.

B. Padalino, L. Aubé, M. Fatnassi, D. Monaco, T. Khorchani et al., Could Dromedary Camels Develop Stereotypy? The First Description of Stereotypical Behaviour in Housed Male Dromedary Camels and How It Is Affected by Different Management Systems, PLoS ONE, vol.6, issue.2, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0089093.t001

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01147147

D. M. Phillips, V. Lakshmi, and C. Monder, Corticosteroid 11??-Dehydrogenase in Rat Testis*, Endocrinology, vol.125, issue.1, pp.209-216, 1989.
DOI : 10.1210/endo-125-1-209

S. Retana-marquez, H. Bonilla-jaime, G. Vazquez-palacios, R. Matrinez-garcia, and J. Velazquez-moctezuma, Changes in masculine sexual behavior, corticosterone and testosterone in response to acute and chronic stress in male rats, Hormones and Behavior, vol.44, issue.4, pp.327-337, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2003.04.001

C. Rivier and S. Rivest, Effect of Stress on the Activity of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis: Peripheral and Central Mechanisms1, Biology of Reproduction, vol.45, issue.4, pp.523-532, 1991.
DOI : 10.1095/biolreprod45.4.523

. Cary and L. Schwan, The SAS System for Windows, Release 9.00 Social behavior and time budget of breeding bulls, SAS, 9th version, 1999.

J. A. Skidmore, Reproductive Physiology in Male and Female Camels In: Recent advances in camelid reproduction, Publisher: International Veterinary Information Service, 2000.

J. A. Skidmore, K. M. Morton, and M. Billah, Artificial insemination in dromedary camels, Animal Reproduction Science, vol.136, issue.3, pp.178-186, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.10.008

M. Spinka, How important is natural behaviour in animal farming systems?, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, vol.100, issue.1-2, pp.117-128, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.006

T. A. Stout, Modulating reproductive activity in stallions: A review Animal Reproduction Science, pp.93-103, 2005.

S. Vyas, P. K. Pareek, G. N. Purohit, and M. S. Sahani, Management practices for augmenting rut in male (Camelus dromedarius), Veterinary Practitioner, pp.132-166, 2001.

J. C. Wingfield and R. M. Sapolsky, Reproduction and Resistance to Stress: When and How, Journal of Neuroendocrinology, vol.379, issue.8, pp.711-724, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.01033.x

R. Yagil and Z. Etzion, Hormonal and behavioural patterns in the male camel (Camelus dromedarius), Reproduction, vol.58, issue.1, pp.61-65, 1980.
DOI : 10.1530/jrf.0.0580061