B. Millet, J. Michel-reymann, S. Steering-committee-bruno-aouizerate, P. Blond, L. Fossati et al., Independent diagnosis validation committee Independent data and safety monitoring board Monitoring supervision-Agnès Bense. Monitoring -Aurélie Veislinger. Data management-Hélène Danjou, and Alain Renault. Vigilance/quality insurance-Catherine Mouchel

T. Asscociated-scientists-sophie-drapier, F. L. Jay, J. Jeune, P. Péron, M. Sauleau et al., Contributorship statement BM had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: BM and JMR; Data acquisition, Drafting of the manuscript: FN, BM, and JMR. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors. Obtained funding: BM, and JMR. Administrative, technical, or material support: BM, and JMR. Study supervision: BM, and JMR

B. Aouizerate, C. Martin-guehl, E. Cuny, D. Guehl, H. Amieva et al., Deep brain stimulation of the ventral striatum in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression, Med. Sci, vol.21, pp.811-813, 2005.

B. Aouizerate, C. Martin-guehl, E. Cuny, D. Guehl, H. Amieva et al., Deep Brain Stimulation for OCD and Major Depression, American Journal of Psychiatry, vol.162, issue.11, p.2192, 2005.
DOI : 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.11.2192

B. A. Baldo and A. E. Kelley, Discrete neurochemical coding of distinguishable motivational processes: insights from nucleus accumbens control of feeding, Psychopharmacology, vol.43, issue.3, pp.439-459, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00213-007-0741-z

I. Bar-gad and H. Bergman, Stepping out of the box: information processing in the neural networks of the basal ganglia, Current Opinion in Neurobiology, vol.11, issue.6, pp.689-695, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0959-4388(01)00270-7

E. Bardinet, M. Bhattacharjee, D. Dormont, B. Pidoux, G. Malandain et al., A three-dimensional histological atlas of the human basal ganglia. II. Atlas deformation strategy and evaluation in deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.110, issue.2, pp.208-219, 2009.
DOI : 10.3171/2008.3.17469

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00616029

B. P. Bejjani, D. Dormont, B. Pidoux, J. Yelnik, P. Damier et al., Bilateral subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson's disease by using three-dimensional stereotactic magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological guidance, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.92, issue.4, pp.615-625, 2000.
DOI : 10.3171/jns.2000.92.4.0615

B. H. Bewernick, R. Hurlemann, A. Matusch, S. Kayser, C. Grubert et al., Nucleus Accumbens Deep Brain Stimulation Decreases Ratings of Depression and Anxiety in Treatment-Resistant Depression, Biological Psychiatry, vol.67, issue.2, pp.110-116, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.013

B. H. Bewernick, S. Kayser, V. Sturm, and T. E. Schlaepfer, Long-Term Effects of Nucleus Accumbens Deep Brain Stimulation in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Evidence for Sustained Efficacy, Neuropsychopharmacology, vol.61, issue.9, 1975.
DOI : 10.1038/npp.2012.44

D. Cardebat, B. Doyon, M. Puel, P. Goulet, and Y. Joanette, Formal and semantic lexical evocation in normal subjects. Performance and dynamics of production as a function of sex, age and educational level, Acta Neurol. Belg, vol.90, pp.207-217, 1990.

V. A. Coenen, B. Madler, H. Schiffbauer, H. Urbach, and N. Allert, Individual Fiber Anatomy of the Subthalamic Region Revealed With Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Neurosurgery, vol.68, issue.4, pp.1069-1075, 2011.
DOI : 10.1227/NEU.0b013e31820a1a20

J. A. Dinieri, C. L. Nemeth, A. Parsegian, T. Carle, V. V. Gurevich et al., Altered Sensitivity to Rewarding and Aversive Drugs in Mice with Inducible Disruption of cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein Function within the Nucleus Accumbens, Journal of Neuroscience, vol.29, issue.6, pp.1855-1859, 2009.
DOI : 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5104-08.2009

W. W. Eaton, H. Shao, G. Nestadt, H. B. Lee, O. J. Bienvenu et al., Population-Based Study of First Onset and Chronicity in Major Depressive Disorder, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.65, issue.5, pp.513-520, 2008.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.65.5.513

M. Fava, Diagnosis and definition of treatment-resistant depression, Biological Psychiatry, vol.53, issue.8, pp.649-659, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00231-2

D. M. Garner, M. P. Olmsted, Y. Bohr, and P. E. Garfinkel, The Eating Attitudes Test: psychometric features and clinical correlates, Psychological Medicine, vol.5, issue.04, pp.871-878, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-3956(79)90015-3

B. D. Greenberg, L. H. Price, S. L. Rauch, G. Friehs, G. Noren et al., Neurosurgery for intractable obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression: critical issues, Neurosurgery Clinics of North America, vol.14, issue.2, pp.199-212, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1042-3680(03)00005-6

B. Guy-grand, Pharmacological approaches to intervention, Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord, vol.21, issue.1, pp.22-24, 1997.

A. D. Hodgkiss, A. L. Malizia, J. R. Bartlett, and P. K. Bridges, Outcome after the psychosurgical operation of stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy, 1979-1991, J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci, vol.7, pp.230-234, 1995.

P. E. Holtzheimer, M. E. Kelley, R. E. Gross, M. M. Filkowski, S. J. Garlow et al., Subcallosal Cingulate Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Unipolar and Bipolar Depression, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.69, issue.2, pp.150-158, 2012.
DOI : 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1456

J. L. Houeto, C. Karachi, L. Mallet, B. Pillon, J. Yelnik et al., Tourette's syndrome and deep brain stimulation, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, vol.76, issue.7, pp.992-995, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/jnnp.2004.043273

J. L. Houeto, J. Yelnik, E. Bardinet, L. Vercueil, P. Krystkowiak et al., Acute Deep-Brain Stimulation of the Internal and External Globus Pallidus in Primary Dystonia, Archives of Neurology, vol.64, issue.9, pp.1281-1286, 2007.
DOI : 10.1001/archneur.64.9.1281

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00384313

F. Jimenez, F. Velasco, R. Salin-pascual, J. A. Hernandez, M. Velasco et al., A Patient with a Resistant Major Depression Disorder Treated with Deep Brain Stimulation in the Inferior Thalamic Peduncle, Neurosurgery, vol.57, issue.3, pp.585-593, 2005.
DOI : 10.1227/01.NEU.0000170434.44335.19

M. B. Keller, Past, Present, and Future Directions for Defining Optimal Treatment Outcome in Depression, JAMA, vol.289, issue.23, pp.3152-3160, 2003.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.289.23.3152

A. E. Kelley, B. A. Baldo, W. E. Pratt, and M. J. Will, Corticostriatal-hypothalamic circuitry and food motivation: Integration of energy, action and reward, Physiology & Behavior, vol.86, issue.5, pp.773-795, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.066

L. Jeune, F. Verin, M. N-'diaye, K. Drapier, D. Leray et al., Decrease of Prefrontal Metabolism After Subthalamic Stimulation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Positron Emission Tomography Study, Biological Psychiatry, vol.68, issue.11, pp.1016-1022, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.033

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01372138

C. T. Li, Y. M. Bai, Y. L. Huang, Y. S. Chen, T. J. Chen et al., Association between antidepressant resistance in unipolar depression and subsequent bipolar disorder: cohort study, The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol.200, issue.1, pp.45-51, 2012.
DOI : 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.086983

A. D. Lopez, C. D. Mathers, M. Ezzati, D. T. Jamison, and C. J. Murray, Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data, The Lancet, vol.367, issue.9524, pp.1747-1757, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9

A. M. Lozano, P. Giacobbe, C. Hamani, S. J. Rizvi, S. H. Kennedy et al., A multicenter pilot study of subcallosal cingulate area deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression, Journal of Neurosurgery, vol.116, issue.2, pp.315-322, 2012.
DOI : 10.3171/2011.10.JNS102122

A. M. Lozano, H. S. Mayberg, P. Giacobbe, C. Hamani, R. C. Craddock et al., Subcallosal Cingulate Gyrus Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant Depression, Biological Psychiatry, vol.64, issue.6, pp.461-467, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.05.034

L. Mallet, M. Polosan, N. Jaafari, N. Baup, M. L. Welter et al., Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in severe obsessivecompulsive disorder. New Engl, J. Med, vol.359, pp.2121-2134, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00805440

M. Jr, D. A. Dougherty, D. D. Rezai, A. R. Carpenter, L. L. Friehs et al., Deep brain stimulation of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum for treatment-resistant depression, Biol. Psychiatry, vol.65, pp.267-275, 2009.

S. Mattis, Dementia Rating Scale: Professional manual, Psychological Assessment Resources, 1988.

G. J. Mogenson, L. W. Swanson, and M. Wu, Neural projections from nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus, substantia innominata, and lateral preoptic-lateral hypothalamic area: an anatomical and electrophysiological investigation in the rat, J. Neurosci, vol.3, pp.189-202, 1983.

J. M. Murphy, R. R. Monson, D. C. Olivier, A. M. Sobol, and A. H. Leighton, Affective Disorders and Mortality, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.44, issue.5, pp.473-480, 1987.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800170095012

D. L. Musselman, D. L. Evans, and C. B. Nemeroff, The Relationship of Depression to Cardiovascular Disease, Archives of General Psychiatry, vol.55, issue.7, pp.580-592, 1998.
DOI : 10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.580

A. Parent and L. N. Hazrati, Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop, Brain Research Reviews, vol.20, issue.1, pp.91-127, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-0173(94)00007-C

A. Parent and L. N. Hazrati, Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. II. The place of subthalamic nucleus and external pallidium in basal ganglia circuitry, Brain Research Reviews, vol.20, issue.1, pp.128-154, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-0173(94)00008-D

D. Puigdemont, R. Perez-egea, M. J. Portella, J. Molet, J. De-diego-adelino et al., Deep brain stimulation of the subcallosal cingulate gyrus: further evidence in treatment-resistant major depression, The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, vol.15, issue.01, pp.121-133, 2012.
DOI : 10.1017/S1461145711001088

R. Reitan, VALIDITY OF THE TRAIL MAKING TEST AS AN INDICATOR OF ORGANIC BRAIN DAMAGE, Perceptual and Motor Skills, vol.19, issue.3, pp.271-276, 1958.
DOI : 10.2466/pms.1958.8.3.271

A. Rey, L'examen psychologique dans les cas d'encephalopathie traumatique, Arch. Psychol, pp.286-340, 1942.

D. Rieu, A. C. Bachoud-levi, A. Laurent, E. Jurion, D. Barba et al., Adaptation fran??aise du ?? Hopkins verbal learning test ??, Revue Neurologique, vol.162, issue.6-7, pp.721-728, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0035-3787(06)75069-X

D. Rigaud, Mental characteristics of patients with eating disorders, Soins, vol.694, issue.1, pp.39-40, 2005.

A. Sartorius, K. L. Kiening, P. Kirsch, C. C. Von-gall, U. Haberkorn et al., Remission of Major Depression Under Deep Brain Stimulation of the Lateral Habenula in a Therapy-Refractory Patient, Biological Psychiatry, vol.67, issue.2, pp.9-11, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.08.027

T. E. Schlaepfer, M. X. Cohen, C. Frick, M. Kosel, D. Brodesser et al., Deep Brain Stimulation to Reward Circuitry Alleviates Anhedonia in Refractory Major Depression, Neuropsychopharmacology, vol.151, issue.2, pp.368-377, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s11920-006-0069-0

R. L. Spitzer, S. Yanovski, T. Wadden, R. Wing, M. D. Marcus et al., Binge eating disorder: its further validation in a multisite study, Int. J. Eat. Disord, vol.13, pp.137-153, 1993.

J. Stroop, Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions., Journal of Experimental Psychology, vol.18, issue.6, pp.643-662, 1935.
DOI : 10.1037/h0054651

V. Sturm, D. Lenartz, A. Koulousakis, H. Treuer, K. Herholz et al., The nucleus accumbens: a target for deep brain stimulation in obsessive???compulsive- and anxiety-disorders, Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy, vol.26, issue.4, pp.293-299, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2003.09.003

M. E. Thase and A. J. Rush, When at first you don't succeed: sequential strategies for antidepressant nonresponders, J. Clin. Psychiatry, vol.58, issue.13, pp.23-29, 1997.

B. T. Walsh, S. N. Seidman, R. Sysko, and M. Gould, Placebo Response in Studies of Major Depression, JAMA, vol.287, issue.14, pp.1840-1847, 2002.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.287.14.1840

S. P. Woods, J. C. Scott, D. A. Sires, I. Grant, R. K. Heaton et al., Action (verb) fluency: test-retest reliability, normative standards, and construct validity, J. Int. Neuropsychol . Soc, vol.11, pp.408-415, 2005.

J. Yelnik, E. Bardinet, D. Dormont, G. Malandain, S. Ourselin et al., A three-dimensional, histological and deformable atlas of the human basal ganglia. I. Atlas construction based on immunohistochemical and MRI data, NeuroImage, vol.34, issue.2, pp.618-638, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.026

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00616029