S. Aitken, S. Yeaman, J. Holliday, T. Wang, and S. Curtis-mclane, Adaptation, migration or extirpation: climate change outcomes for tree populations, Evolutionary Applications, vol.273, issue.1, pp.95-111, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00013.x

A. Nicotra and A. Davidson, Adaptive phenotypic plasticity and plant water use, Functional Plant Biology, vol.37, issue.2, pp.117-127, 2010.
DOI : 10.1071/FP09139

S. Franks, J. Weber, and S. Aitken, Evolutionary and plastic responses to climate change in terrestrial plant populations, Evolutionary Applications, vol.273, issue.1, p.24454552, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/eva.12112

O. Bossdorf, H. Auge, L. Lafuma, W. Rogers, E. Siemann et al., Phenotypic and genetic differentiation between native and introduced plant populations, Oecologia, vol.11, issue.-113, pp.1-11, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00442-005-0070-z

C. Lee and G. Gelembiuk, Evolutionary origins of invasive populations, Evolutionary Applications, vol.196, issue.Suppl., pp.427-448, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00039.x

E. Weber and B. Schmid, Latitudinal Population Differentiation in Two Species of Solidago (Asteraceae) Introduced into Europe, American Journal of Botany, vol.85, issue.8, pp.1110-1121, 1998.
DOI : 10.2307/2446344

R. Colautti, J. Maron, and S. Barrett, Common garden comparisons of native and introduced plant populations: latitudinal clines can obscure evolutionary inferences, Evolutionary Applications, vol.9, issue.2, pp.187-199, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00053.x

J. Alexander, M. Van-kleunen, R. Ghezzi, and P. Edwards, Different genetic clines in response to temperature across the native and introduced ranges of a global plant invader, Journal of Ecology, vol.9, issue.3, pp.771-781, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01951.x

J. Sexton, P. Mcintyre, A. Angert, and K. Rice, Evolution and Ecology of Species Range Limits, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.40, issue.1, pp.415-436, 2009.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120317

A. Dyer, C. Brown, E. Espeland, J. Mckay, H. Meimberg et al., SYNTHESIS: The role of adaptive trans-generational plasticity in biological invasions of plants, Evolutionary Applications, vol.142, issue.2, pp.179-192, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00118.x

S. Sultan and H. Spencer, Metapopulation Structure Favors Plasticity over Local Adaptation, The American Naturalist, vol.160, issue.2, pp.271-283, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/341015

B. Baythavong, Linking the Spatial Scale of Environmental Variation and the Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity: Selection Favors Adaptive Plasticity in Fine-Grained Environments, The American Naturalist, vol.178, issue.1, pp.75-87, 2011.
DOI : 10.1086/660281

M. Turelli and N. Barton, Polygenic Variation Maintained by Balancing Selection: Pleiotropy, Sex-Dependent Allelic Effects and G x E Interactions, Genetics, vol.166, issue.2, pp.1053-1079, 2004.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.166.2.1053

L. Meyers, F. Ancel, and M. Lachmann, Evolution of genetic potential, PLOS Comp Biol, pp.236-0243, 2005.

M. Chambel, J. Climent, A. R. Valladares, and F. , Phenotypic plasticity: a useful framework for understanding adaptation in forest species, Investigaci??n Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales, vol.14, issue.3, pp.334-344, 2005.
DOI : 10.5424/srf/2005143-00924

L. Santos-del-blanco, S. Bonser, F. Valladares, M. Chambel, and J. Climent, Plasticity in reproduction and growth among 52 range-wide populations of a Mediterranean conifer: adaptive responses to environmental stress, Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol.78, issue.9, pp.1912-1924, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/jeb.12187

F. Valladares, S. Wright, E. Lasso, K. Kitajima, and R. Pearcy, PLASTIC PHENOTYPIC RESPONSE TO LIGHT OF 16 CONGENERIC SHRUBS FROM A PANAMANIAN RAINFOREST, Ecology, vol.81, issue.7, pp.1925-1936, 2000.
DOI : 10.2307/2960558

E. Velázquez, G. Sal, and A. , Abstract:, Journal of Tropical Ecology, vol.2, issue.03, pp.249-260, 2009.
DOI : 10.1006/anbo.1996.0071

J. Baloch, M. Khan, M. Zubair, and M. Munir, Effects of different shade levels (light integrals) on time to flowering of important ornamental annuals, Int J Agr Biol, vol.11, pp.138-144, 2009.

S. Kahar, Growth and flowering of shrub (Turnera trioniflora) under different shade levels, J Trop Agric Food Sci, vol.37, pp.9-14, 2009.

M. Saifuddin, A. Hossain, and O. Normaniza, Impacts of shading on flower formation and longevity , leaf chlorophyll and growth of Bougainville glabra, Asian J Plant Sci, vol.9, pp.20-27, 2010.

F. Kilkenny and L. Galloway, Reproductive success in varying light environments: direct and indirect effects of light on plants and pollinators, Oecologia, vol.131, issue.2, pp.247-255, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00442-007-0903-z

E. Bernays and R. Chapman, Host-plant selection by phytophagous insects, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/b102508

J. Grindeland, N. Sletvold, and R. Ims, Effects of floral display size and plant density on pollinator visitation rate in a natural population of Digitalis purpurea, Functional Ecology, vol.68, issue.3, pp.383-390, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s004420050495

M. Günthardt-goerg and M. Arend, Woody plant performance in a changing climate, Plant Biology, vol.15, issue.Suppl 1, pp.1-4, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00698.x

S. Matesanz, E. Gianoli, and F. Valladares, Global change and the evolution of phenotypic plasticity in plants, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.18, issue.1, pp.35-55, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05704.x

Y. Vitasse, C. Bresson, A. Kremer, R. Michalet, and S. Delzon, Quantifying phenological plasticity to temperature in two temperate tree species, Functional Ecology, vol.32, issue.6, pp.1211-1218, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01748.x

P. Fonti, O. Heller, P. Cherubini, A. Rigling, and M. Arend, Wood anatomical responses of oak saplings exposed to air warming and soil drought, Plant Biology, vol.24, issue.Suppl 1, pp.210-219, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00599.x

Y. Feng and M. Van-kleunen, Responses to shading of naturalized and non-naturalized exotic woody species, Annals of Botany, vol.114, issue.5, pp.981-989, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/aob/mcu163

W. Lee, R. Allen, and P. Johnson, L.) communities in the dunedin ecological district South Island, New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Botany, vol.21, issue.2, pp.279-292, 1986.
DOI : 10.1080/0028825X.1986.10412678
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/medihal-01469781

L. Augusto, N. Crampon, E. Saur, M. Bakker, S. Pellerin et al., species in the understory of maritime pine stands and the potential effect of phosphorus fertilization, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.35, issue.5, pp.1183-1192, 2005.
DOI : 10.1139/x05-054

F. Delerue, M. Gonzalez, A. Atlan, S. Pellerin, and A. L. , Plasticity of reproductive allocation of a woody species (Ulex europaeus) in response to variation in resource availability, Annals of Forest Science, vol.87, issue.3, pp.219-228, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s13595-012-0260-x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00834280

L. Holm, J. Doll, E. Holm, J. Pancho, and J. Herberger, World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution, 1997.

M. Tarayre, G. Vergnerie, A. Schermann-legionnet, M. Barat, and A. Atlan, Flowering phenology of Ulex europaeus: ecological consequences of variation within and among populations, Evolutionary Ecology, vol.56, issue.5, pp.395-409, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10682-006-9109-9

G. Bowman, M. Tarayre, and A. Atlan, How is the invasive gorse Ulex europaeus pollinated during winter? A lesson from its native range, Plant Ecology, vol.61, issue.8, pp.197-206, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s11258-007-9370-1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00315909

M. Barat, M. Tarayre, and A. Atlan, Plant phenology and seed predation: interactions between gorses and weevils in Brittany (France), Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, vol.8, issue.2, pp.167-176, 2007.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2002.00966.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00168117

R. Team, R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2014.

J. Pierre, M. Guillome, and M. Querrien, A statistical and graphic method for seeking in which periods of the year are the animal populations particularly sensitive to a given weather component (critical periods) Acta oecol, Oecol Gen, vol.7, pp.365-380, 1986.

K. Mcconnaughay and J. Coleman, BIOMASS ALLOCATION IN PLANTS: ONTOGENY OR OPTIMALITY? A TEST ALONG THREE RESOURCE GRADIENTS, Ecology, vol.80, issue.8, pp.2581-2593, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00320512

Z. Cai, Shade delayed flowering and decreased photosynthesis, growth and yield of Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) plants, Industrial Crops and Products, vol.34, issue.1, pp.1235-1237, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.03.021

M. Kelly and D. Levin, Directional Selection on Initial Flowering Date in Phlox drummondii (Polemoniaceae), American Journal of Botany, vol.87, issue.3, pp.382-391, 2000.
DOI : 10.2307/2656634

K. Franklin, Shade avoidance, New Phytologist, vol.18, issue.4, pp.930-944, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02507.x

M. Leishman, Does the seed size/number trade-off model determine plant community structure? An assessment of the model mechanisms and their generality, Oikos, vol.93, issue.2, pp.294-302, 2001.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.930212.x

D. Schemske and J. Ågren, Deceit Pollination and Selection on Female Flower Size in Begonia involucrata: An Experimental Approach, Evolution, vol.49, issue.1, pp.207-214, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/2410306

E. Elle, Sex Allocation and Reproductive Success in the Andromonoecious Perennial Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae). I. Female Success, American Journal of Botany, vol.86, issue.2, pp.278-86, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/2656944

C. Herrera, Dissecting Factors Responsible For Individual Variation in Plant Fecundity, Ecology, vol.72, issue.4, pp.1436-1448, 1991.
DOI : 10.2307/1941116

J. Major, A. Mosseler, D. Barsi, A. Clouthier, and M. Campbell, Impact of three silvicultural treatments on weevil incidence, growth, phenology, and branch-level dynamics of Pinus strobus from large and small populations, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.39, issue.1, pp.12-25, 2009.
DOI : 10.1139/X08-153

J. Hough-goldstein and S. Lacoss, Interactive effects of light environment and herbivory on growth and productivity of an invasive annual vine, Persicaria perfoliata, Arthropod-Plant Interactions, vol.169, issue.1, pp.103-112, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s11829-011-9158-z

F. Jones and L. Comita, Density-dependent pre-dispersal seed predation and fruit set in a tropical tree, Oikos, vol.89, issue.11, pp.1841-1847, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2010.18547.x

F. Delerue, M. Gonzalez, A. Atlan, S. Pellerin, and A. L. , Multi-scale analysis of pre-dispersal seed predation of gorse (Ulex europaeus) by the weevil Exapion ulicis and the moth Cydia succedana along a light and a density gradient, N Z J Ecol, vol.38, pp.268-278, 2014.

R. Valluru, J. Link, and W. Claupein, species: plastic responses and adaptive significance, Plant Biology, vol.14, issue.2, pp.641-651, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2011.00540.x

S. Scheiner, Genetics and Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.24, issue.1, pp.35-68, 1993.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.000343

M. Van-kleunen and M. Fischer, Constraints on the evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in plants, New Phytologist, vol.52, issue.1, pp.49-60, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01296.x

B. Hornoy, M. Tarayre, M. Hervé, L. Gigord, and A. Atlan, Invasive Plants and Enemy Release: Evolution of Trait Means and Trait Correlations in Ulex europaeus, PLoS ONE, vol.86, issue.4, p.22022588, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0026275.t003
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00654070

M. Hahn, M. Van-kleunen, and H. Müller-schärer, Increased Phenotypic Plasticity to Climate May Have Boosted the Invasion Success of Polyploid Centaurea stoebe, PLoS ONE, vol.14, issue.11, p.23185598, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0050284.s006

A. Davidson, M. Jennions, and A. Nicotra, Do invasive species show higher phenotypic plasticity than native species and, if so, is it adaptive? A meta-analysis, Ecology Letters, vol.56, issue.4, pp.419-431, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01596.x

J. Obeso, The costs of reproduction in plants, New Phytologist, vol.65, issue.3, pp.321-348, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/285651

J. Weiner, Allocation, plasticity and allometry in plants, Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, vol.6, issue.4, pp.207-215, 2004.
DOI : 10.1078/1433-8319-00083

D. Closset-kopp, O. Chabrerie, B. Valentin, and G. Decocq, When Oskar meets Alice: Does a lack of trade-off in r/K-strategies make Prunus serotina a successful invader of European forests?, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.247, issue.1-3, pp.120-130, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.04.023

J. Thompson, Phenotypic plasticity as a component of evolutionary change, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.6, issue.8, pp.246-249, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-5347(91)90070-E