C. Rivat, J. Laulin, J. Corcuff, E. Celerier, L. Pain et al., Fentanyl Enhancement of Carrageenan-induced Long-lasting Hyperalgesia in Rats, Anesthesiology, vol.96, issue.2, pp.381-91, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-200202000-00025

P. Lavand-'homme, D. Kock, M. Waterloos, and H. , Intraoperative epidural analgesia combined with ketamine provides effective preventive analgesia in patients undergoing major digestive surgery, Anesthesiology, vol.103, issue.4, pp.813-833, 2005.

R. Loftus, M. Yeager, J. Clark, J. Brown, W. Abdu et al., Intraoperative ketamine reduces perioperative opiate consumption in opiatedependent patients with chronic back pain undergoing back surgery, Anesthesiology, vol.113, issue.3, pp.639-685, 2010.

V. Joly, P. Richebe, B. Guignard, D. Fletcher, P. Maurette et al., Remifentanil-induced Postoperative Hyperalgesia and Its Prevention with Small-dose Ketamine, Anesthesiology, vol.103, issue.1, pp.147-55, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-200507000-00022

L. Chaparro, S. Smith, R. Moore, P. Wiffen, and I. Gilron, Pharmacotherapy for the prevention of chronic pain after surgery in adults, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol.288, issue.5472, p.8307, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/14651858.CD008307.pub2

E. Mcnicol, R. Schumann, and S. Haroutounian, A systematic review and meta-analysis of ketamine for the prevention of persistent post-surgical pain, Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, vol.104, issue.7, pp.1199-213, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/aas.12377

D. Fletcher and F. Aubrun, Les textes longs de la recommandation formalis??e d???experts sur la prise en charge de la douleur postop??ratoire, Annales Fran??aises d'Anesth??sie et de R??animation, vol.28, issue.1, pp.1-2, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annfar.2008.12.001

J. Hardy, S. Quinn, B. Fazekas, J. Plummer, S. Eckermann et al., Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Assess the Efficacy and Toxicity of Subcutaneous Ketamine in the Management of Cancer Pain, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.30, issue.29, pp.3611-3618, 2012.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2012.42.1081

I. Noppers, M. Niesters, L. Aarts, T. Smith, E. Sarton et al., Ketamine for the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain, Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, vol.54, issue.14, pp.2417-2446, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3959(96)03080-1

M. Niesters, C. Martini, and A. Dahan, Ketamine for chronic pain: risks and benefits, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol.133, issue.1, pp.357-67, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/bcp.12094

D. Fletcher, C. Fermanian, A. Mardaye, P. Aegerter, and . Pain, A patient-based national survey on postoperative pain management in France reveals significant achievements and persistent challenges, Pain, vol.137, issue.2, pp.441-51, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pain.2008.02.026
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00320583

E. Celerier, C. Rivat, Y. Jun, J. Laulin, A. Larcher et al., Long-lasting Hyperalgesia Induced by Fentanyl in Rats, Anesthesiology, vol.92, issue.2, pp.465-72, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00000542-200002000-00029

F. Remerand, L. Tendre, C. Baud, A. Couvret, C. Pourrat et al., The early and delayed analgesic effects of ketamine after total hip arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study Perioperative ketamine for acute postoperative pain, Anesth Analg. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol.109, issue.20061, pp.1963-71, 2009.

K. Laskowski, A. Stirling, W. Mckay, and H. Lim, Revue m??thodique de l???utilisation de la k??tamine intraveineuse pour l???analg??sie postop??ratoire, Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesth??sie, vol.89, issue.10, pp.911-934, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s12630-011-9560-0

A. Gupta, L. Devi, and I. Gomes, Potentiation of ??-opioid receptor-mediated signaling by ketamine, Journal of Neurochemistry, vol.3, issue.2, pp.294-302, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07361.x

H. Faiz, P. Rahimzadeh, O. Visnjevac, B. Behzadi, M. Ghodraty et al., Intravenous acetaminophen is superior to ketamine for postoperative pain after abdominal hysterectomy: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial, J Pain Res, vol.7, pp.65-70, 2014.

X. Ding, J. S. Niu, X. Wang, T. Zhao, X. Ren et al., Morphine with adjuvant ketamine versus higher dose of morphine alone for acute pain: a meta-analysis, Int J Clin Exp Med, vol.7, issue.9, pp.2504-2514, 2014.

C. Wong, W. Liaw, C. Tung, Y. Su, and S. Ho, Ketamine potentiates analgesic effect of morphine in postoperative epidural pain control, Reg Anesth, vol.21, issue.6, pp.534-575, 1996.

H. Beloeil, E. Viel, M. Navez, D. Fletcher, and D. Peronnet, Techniques analg??siques locor??gionales et douleur chronique, Annales Fran??aises d'Anesth??sie et de R??animation, vol.32, issue.4, pp.275-84, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annfar.2013.02.021

G. Sveticic, F. Farzanegan, P. Zmoos, S. Zmoos, U. Eichenberger et al., Is the Combination of Morphine with Ketamine Better than Morphine Alone for Postoperative Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia?, Anesthesia & Analgesia, vol.106, issue.1, pp.287-93, 2008.
DOI : 10.1213/01.ane.0000289637.11065.8f

C. Arroyo-novoa, M. Figueroa-ramos, C. Miaskowski, G. Padilla, S. Paul et al., Efficacy of small doses of ketamine with morphine to decrease procedural pain responses during open wound care Ketamine as an adjuvant to opioids for cancer pain Ketamine produces effective and long-term pain relief in patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1, Clin J Pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Pain, vol.2711145, issue.233, pp.561-6304, 2009.

R. Schwartzman, G. Alexander, J. Grothusen, T. Paylor, E. Reichenberger et al., Outpatient intravenous ketamine for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: A double-blind placebo controlled study, Pain, vol.147, issue.1, pp.1-3107, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pain.2009.08.015

Y. Amr, Multi-day low dose ketamine infusion as adjuvant to oral gabapentin in spinal cord injury related chronic pain: a prospective, randomized, double blind trial, Pain Physician, vol.13, issue.3, pp.245-254, 2010.

S. Marland, J. Ellerton, G. Andolfatto, G. Strapazzon, O. Thomassen et al., Ketamine: Use in Anesthesia, CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, vol.92, issue.4 Suppl 1, pp.381-390, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/cns.12072

M. Gandilhon, A. Cadet-tairou, and M. Martinez, Use of ketamine in France: recent trends (2012-2013)