K. A. Alexander, C. E. Sanderson, M. Marathe, B. L. Lewis, C. M. Rivers et al., What Factors Might Have Led to the Emergence of Ebola in West Africa?, PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.15, issue.6, p.3652, 2015.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003652.t003

S. Altizer, D. Harvell, and E. Friedle, Rapid evolutionary dynamics and disease threats to biodiversity, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.18, issue.11, pp.589-596, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2003.08.013

M. Bermejo, J. D. Rodriguez-teijeiro, G. Illera, A. Barroso, C. Vila et al., Ebola Outbreak Killed 5000 Gorillas, Science, vol.314, issue.5805, pp.314-1564, 2006.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1133105

M. Bode, C. Hawkins, T. Rout, and B. Wintle, Efficiently locating conservation boundaries: Searching for the Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease front, Biological Conservation, vol.142, issue.7, pp.1333-1339, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.01.029

T. Breuer, M. B. Hockemba, C. Olejniczak, R. J. Parnell, and E. J. Stokes, Physical maturation, life-history classes and age estimates of free-ranging western gorillas-insights from Mbeli Bai, Republic of Congo, American Journal of Primatology, vol.273, issue.2, pp.106-119, 2009.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511661631.005

D. Caillaud, F. Levréro, R. Cristescu, S. Gatti, M. Dewas et al., Gorilla susceptibility to Ebola virus: The cost of sociality, Current Biology, vol.16, issue.13, pp.489-491, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2006.06.017
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01320831

P. Daszak, A. A. Cunningham, and A. D. Hyatt, Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife-- Threats to Biodiversity and Human Health, Science, vol.287, issue.5452, pp.443-449, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.287.5452.443

C. Devos, P. D. Walsh, E. Arnhem, and M. C. Huynen, Monitoring population decline: can transect surveys detect the impact of the Ebola virus on apes?, Oryx, vol.7, issue.03, pp.367-374, 2008.
DOI : 10.1890/03-5283

G. Froeschke and S. Matthee, Landscape characteristics influence helminth infestations in a peri-domestic rodent - implications for possible zoonotic disease, Parasites & Vectors, vol.7, issue.1, p.393, 2014.
DOI : 10.1017/S0031182097001479

S. Gatti, F. Levréro, N. Ménard, and H. A. Gautier, ) at Lokou??, Republic of Congo, American Journal of Primatology, vol.44, issue.3, pp.111-123, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s10329-003-0049-5

C. Genton, R. Cristescu, S. Gatti, F. Levréro, E. Bigot et al., Recovery Potential of a Western Lowland Gorilla Population following a Major Ebola Outbreak: Results from a Ten Year Study, PLoS ONE, vol.24, issue.8, 2012.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0037106.s001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00722059

C. Genton, A. Pierre, R. Cristescu, F. Levréro, S. Gatti et al., How Ebola impacts social dynamics in gorillas: a multistate modelling approach, Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.46, issue.1, pp.166-176, 2015.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511661631.005
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01098001

T. R. Gillespie and C. A. Chapman, Forest fragmentation, the decline of an endangered primate, and changes in host???parasite interactions relative to an unfragmented forest, American Journal of Primatology, vol.11, issue.3, pp.222-230, 2008.
DOI : 10.1292/jvms.55.363

R. Hamede, J. Bashford, M. Jones, and H. Mccallum, Simulating devil facial tumour disease outbreaks across empirically derived contact networks, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.32, issue.2, pp.447-456, 2012.
DOI : 10.1098/rsif.2008.0218

C. E. Hawkins, C. Baars, H. Hesterman, G. J. Hocking, M. E. Jones et al., Emerging disease and population decline of an island endemic, the Tasmanian devil Sarcophilus harrisii, Biological Conservation, vol.131, issue.2, pp.307-324, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.04.010

G. Hess, Disease in Metapopulation Models: Implications for Conservation, Ecology, vol.77, issue.5, pp.1617-1632, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2265556

A. M. Kilpatrick, C. J. Briggs, and P. Daszak, The ecology and impact of chytridiomycosis: an emerging disease of amphibians, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.25, issue.2, pp.109-118, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2009.07.011

S. Lachish, K. J. Miller, A. Storfer, A. W. Goldizen, and M. E. Jones, Evidence that disease-induced population decline changes genetic structure and alters dispersal patterns in the Tasmanian devil, Heredity, vol.21, issue.1, pp.172-182, 2011.
DOI : 10.20506/rst.21.1.1326

S. L. Ladeau, A. M. Kilpatrick, and P. P. Marra, West Nile virus emergence and large-scale declines of North American bird populations, Nature, vol.64, issue.7145, pp.710-713, 2007.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1203.051004

E. M. Leroy, B. Kumulungui, X. Pourrut, P. Rouquet, A. Hassanin et al., Fruit bats as reservoirs of Ebola virus, Nature, vol.357, issue.7068, pp.575-576, 2005.
DOI : 10.1099/0022-1317-81-8-1927

E. M. Leroy, P. Rouquet, P. Formenty, S. Souquiere, A. Kilbourne et al., Multiple Ebola Virus Transmission Events and Rapid Decline of Central African Wildlife, Science, vol.303, issue.5656, pp.387-390, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1092528

F. Levréro, S. Gatti, N. Ménard, E. Petit, D. Caillaud et al., Living in nonbreeding groups: an alternative strategy for maturing gorillas, American Journal of Primatology, vol.44, issue.3, pp.275-291, 2006.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511661631.005

F. Magliocca and A. Gautier-hion, Mineral content as a basis for food selection by western lowland gorillas in a forest clearing, American Journal of Primatology, vol.21, issue.2, pp.67-77, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/ajp.10034
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01320845

F. Magliocca, S. Querouil, and A. Gautier-hion, Population structure and group composition of western lowland gorillas in North-Western Republic of Congos, American Journal of Primatology, vol.64, issue.1, pp.1-14, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3207(93)90386-F

H. Mccallum and A. Dobson, Detecting disease and parasite threats to endangered species and ecosystems, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.10, issue.5, pp.190-194, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(00)89050-3

H. Mccallum and A. Dobson, Disease, habitat fragmentation and conservation, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.269, issue.1504, pp.2041-2049, 2002.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2002.2079

R. J. Parnell, Group size and structure in western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at, 2002.

P. Minh, T. Waller, and L. , Effects of landscape fragmentation and climate on Lyme disease incidence in the Northeastern United States, Ecohealth, vol.10, pp.394-404, 2013.

R. Development and C. Team, A language and environment for statistical computing, reference index version 2.11.1, Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for statistical computing, 2014.

P. E. Reed, S. Mulangu, K. N. Cameron, A. U. Ondzie, D. Joly et al., A New Approach for Monitoring Ebolavirus in Wild Great Apes, PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, vol.3, issue.Pt 11, 2014.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003143.s001

P. Rouquet, J. M. Froment, M. Bermejo, A. Kilbourn, W. Karesh et al., Wild Animal Mortality Monitoring and Human Ebola Outbreaks, Gabon and Republic of Congo, 2001???2003, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol.11, issue.2, pp.283-290, 2001.
DOI : 10.3201/eid1102.040533
URL : https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/2/pdfs/04-0533.pdf

J. Rushmore, D. Caillaud, R. J. Hall, R. M. Stumpf, L. A. Meyers et al., Networkbased vaccination improves prospects for disease control in wild chimpanzees, Journal of the Royal Society Interface, issue.11, 2014.
DOI : 10.1098/rsif.2014.0349
URL : http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royinterface/11/97/20140349.full.pdf

J. Rushmore, D. Caillaud, L. Matamba, R. M. Stumpf, S. P. Borgatti et al., Social network analysis of wild chimpanzees provides insights for predicting infectious disease risk, Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.334, issue.5, pp.976-986, 2013.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511752414.006

D. L. Smith, B. Lucey, L. A. Waller, J. E. Childs, and L. A. Real, Predicting the spatial dynamics of rabies epidemics on heterogeneous landscapes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, pp.3668-3672, 2002.
DOI : 10.2307/143360

J. A. Tracey, S. N. Bevins, S. Vandewoude, and K. R. Crooks, An agent-based movement model to assess the impact of landscape fragmentation on disease transmission, Ecosphere, vol.5, issue.9, 2014.
DOI : 10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1019:SSFLLI]2.0.CO;2

V. T. Vredenburg, R. A. Knapp, T. S. Tunstall, and C. J. Briggs, Dynamics of an emerging disease drive large-scale amphibian population extinctions, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, pp.9689-9694, 2010.
DOI : 10.3354/dao057255
URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/107/21/9689.full.pdf

T. J. Wittmann, R. Biek, A. Hassanin, P. Rouquet, P. Reed et al., Isolates of Zaire ebolavirus from wild apes reveal genetic lineage and recombinants, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, pp.17123-17127, 2007.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
URL : http://www.pnas.org/content/104/43/17123.full.pdf