A. M. Allen, The impacts of landscape structure on the winter movements and habitat selection of female red deer, European Journal of Wildlife Research, vol.82, issue.3, pp.411-421, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/1365-2656.12045

D. F. Alvarado-serrano and M. J. Hickerson, Spatially explicit summary statistics for historical population genetic inference, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, vol.44, issue.Suppl, pp.418-427, 2016.
DOI : 10.1038/ng.2285

M. Apollonio, European ungulates and their management in the 21st century, 2010.

M. Baguette, The classical metapopulation theory and the real, natural world: a critical appraisal, Basic and Applied Ecology, vol.5, issue.3, pp.213-224, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.baae.2004.03.001

G. Barbujani, Detecting Regions of Abrupt Change in Maps of Biological Variables, Systematic Zoology, vol.38, issue.4, pp.376-389, 1989.
DOI : 10.2307/2992403

J. W. Beckstead, Isolating and Examining Sources of Suppression and Multicollinearity in Multiple Linear Regression. -Multivar, Behav. Res, vol.47, pp.224-246, 2012.
DOI : 10.1080/00273171.2012.658331

J. L. Bouzat and K. Johnson, Genetic structure among closely spaced leks in a peripheral population of lesser prairie-chickens, Molecular Ecology, vol.15, issue.2, pp.499-505, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x

L. Cárdenas, , a marine mollusk with a long-lived dispersive larva, Marine Ecology, vol.290, issue.2, pp.1-11, 2015.
DOI : 10.3354/meps290145

C. Chen, Bayesian clustering algorithms ascertaining spatial population structure: a new computer program and a comparison study, Molecular Ecology Notes, vol.101, issue.41, pp.747-756, 2007.
DOI : 10.2307/2408641

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00370267

A. P. Clevenger and N. Waltho, Performance indices to identify attributes of highway crossing structures facilitating movement of large mammals, Biological Conservation, vol.121, issue.3, pp.453-464, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2004.04.025

J. Cohen, Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2003.

M. Colyn, La génétique du paysage : origine et flux de dispersion des populations de cerfs en région Centre, Faune Sauvage, vol.307, pp.37-43, 2015.

A. J. Conger, A Revised Definition for Suppressor Variables: a Guide To Their Identification and Interpretation, Educational and Psychological Measurement, vol.34, issue.48, pp.35-46, 1974.
DOI : 10.1080/01621459.1939.10502370

A. Coulon, Genetic structure is influenced by landscape features: empirical evidence from a roe deer population, Molecular Ecology, vol.38, issue.3, pp.1669-1679, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02861.x

A. Coulon, ), Molecular Ecology, vol.38, issue.7, pp.1685-1701, 2008.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.t01-1-01411.x

T. Courville and B. Thompson, Use of Structure Coefficients in Published Multiple Regression Articles: ?? is not Enough, Educational and Psychological Measurement, vol.24, issue.1, pp.229-248, 2001.
DOI : 10.1037/0003-066X.54.8.594

A. Ar-ticle-creager and J. A. , Orthogonal and Nonorthogonal Methods for Partitioning Regression Variance, Am. Educ. Res. J, vol.8, p.671, 1971.

M. Daniels and C. Mcclean, Red deer calf tagging programmes in Scotland -an analysis, J. Br. Deer Soc, vol.12, pp.420-123, 2003.

S. Dellicour, Population structure and genetic diversity of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in forest fragments in north-western France, Conservation Genetics, vol.53, issue.Suppl 2, pp.1287-1297, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10344-006-0065-z

C. F. Dormann, Collinearity: a review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance, Ecography, vol.1, issue.1, pp.27-46, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2009.00001.x

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x/pdf

K. Drescher, Farmland prices determinants, Paper presented at the American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, 2001.

J. B. Dunning, Ecological Processes That Affect Populations in Complex Landscapes, Oikos, vol.65, issue.1, pp.169-175, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/3544901

I. Dupanloup, A simulated annealing approach to define the genetic structure of populations, Molecular Ecology, vol.28, issue.12, pp.2571-2581, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.114.2961.315

D. A. Earl and B. M. Vonholdt, STRUCTURE HARVESTER: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method, Conservation Genetics Resources, vol.10, issue.2, pp.359-361, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s10592-008-9622-1

C. W. Epps and N. Keyghobadi, Landscape genetics in a changing world: disentangling historical and contemporary influences and inferring change, Molecular Ecology, vol.15, issue.24, pp.6021-6040, 2015.
DOI : 10.1007/s10592-013-0519-2

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.13454/pdf

G. Evanno, Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: a simulation study, Molecular Ecology, vol.16, issue.8, pp.2611-2620, 2005.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2001.1600

L. Excoffier, Analysis of Molecular Variance Inferred from Metric Distances among DNA Haplotypes -Application to Human Mitochondrial-DNA Restriction Data, Genetics, vol.131, pp.479-491, 1992.

L. Fahrig, Effects of Habitat Fragmentation on Biodiversity, Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.34, issue.1, pp.487-515, 2003.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132419

D. E. Farrar and R. R. Glauber, Multicollinearity in Regression Analysis: The Problem Revisited, The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.49, issue.1, p.92, 1967.
DOI : 10.2307/1937887

URL : http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/48530/1/multicollinearit00farr.pdf

J. Fischer and D. B. Lindenmayer, Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: a synthesis, Global Ecology and Biogeography, vol.137, issue.3, pp.265-280, 2007.
DOI : 10.1890/04-0809

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00287.x/pdf

A. C. Frantz, Genetic structure and assignment tests demonstrate illegal translocation of red deer (Cervus elaphus) into a continuous population, Molecular Ecology, vol.13, issue.11, pp.3191-3203, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01637-7

A. C. Frantz, Using spatial Bayesian methods to determine the genetic structure of a continuously distributed population: clusters or isolation by distance?, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.43, issue.Supplement 1, pp.493-505, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00204.x

A. C. Frantz, ), Molecular Ecology, vol.26, issue.Suppl, pp.3445-3457, 2012.
DOI : 10.2108/zsj.26.48

C. J. Garroway, Using a genetic network to parameterize a landscape resistance surface for fishers, Martes pennanti, Molecular Ecology, vol.72, issue.19, pp.3978-3988, 2011.
DOI : 10.1644/BEL-011

A. Ar-ticle-giles and B. E. , Restricted gene flow and subpopulation differentiation in Silene dioica, Heredity, vol.62, issue.6, pp.715-723, 1998.
DOI : 10.2307/2258988

R. Ginson, ), Ecology and Evolution, vol.97, issue.3, pp.695-708, 2015.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01209.x

I. M. Godvik, Temporal scales, trade-offs, and functional responses in red deer habitat selection, Ecology, vol.13, issue.3, pp.699-710, 2009.
DOI : 10.2307/1937508

S. C. Goslee and D. L. Urban, The ecodist package for dissimilarity-based analysis of ecological data, J. Stat. Softw, vol.22, pp.1-19, 2007.
DOI : 10.18637/jss.v022.i07

URL : https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v022.i07

A. Gouskov, Fish population genetic structure shaped by hydroelectric power plants in the upper Rhine catchment, Evolutionary Applications, vol.163, issue.2, pp.394-408, 2016.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04996.x

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eva.12339/pdf

T. A. Graves, The influence of landscape characteristics and home-range size on the quantification of landscape-genetics relationships. -Landsc, Ecol, vol.27, pp.253-266, 2012.

G. Guillot, Statistical methods in spatial genetics, Molecular Ecology, vol.43, issue.4, pp.4734-4756, 2009.
DOI : 10.1139/g89-034

J. Hamann, Les apports du marquage pour la gestion du Cerf élaphe, pp.30-36, 2003.

I. Hanski, Metapopulation Ecology, 1999.

S. Harrison, Local extinction in a metapopulation context: an empirical evaluation, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.41, issue.2, pp.73-88, 1991.
DOI : 10.2307/3544106

S. Holm, A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. -Scand, J. Stat, vol.6, pp.65-70, 1979.

P. Horst, The role of the predictor variables which are independent of the criterion, Soc. Sci. Res. Counc, vol.48, pp.431-436, 1941.

P. E. Howell, Contiguity of landscape features pose barriers to gene flow among American marten (Martes americana) genetic clusters in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Landscape Ecology, vol.85, issue.6, pp.1-12, 2016.
DOI : 10.1644/1545-1542(2004)085<0470:DOSPOA>2.0.CO;2

N. D. Jackson and L. Fahrig, Relative effects of road mortality and decreased connectivity on population genetic diversity, Biological Conservation, vol.144, issue.12, pp.3143-3148, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.09.010

M. Jakobsson and N. A. Rosenberg, CLUMPP: a cluster matching and permutation program for dealing with label switching and multimodality in analysis of population structure, Bioinformatics, vol.62, issue.5602, pp.1801-1806, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-9868.00265

A. Jarnemo, Seasonal migration of male red deer (Cervus elaphus) in southern Sweden and consequences for management, European Journal of Wildlife Research, vol.186, issue.2, pp.327-333, 2008.
DOI : 10.1017/S1464793101005814

T. Jombart, Revealing cryptic spatial patterns in genetic variability by a new multivariate method, Heredity, vol.28, issue.1, pp.92-103, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01031609

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00428188

J. E. King, Standardized Coefficients in Logistic Regression, Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the Southwest Educational Research Association, 2007.

F. Klein, La réintroduction du cerf Cervus elaphus. -Rev Ecol Terre Vie Issue, pp.131-134, 1990.

E. B. Kruuk, ANTLER SIZE IN RED DEER: HERITABILITY AND SELECTION BUT NO EVOLUTION, Evolution, vol.73, issue.8, pp.1683-1695, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1420-9101.1994.7010001.x

A. Ar-ticle-landguth and E. L. , Quantifying the lag time to detect barriers in landscape genetics, Molecular Ecology, vol.2, issue.19, pp.4179-4191, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb00500.x

P. Legendre and M. J. Anderson, DISTANCE-BASED REDUNDANCY ANALYSIS: TESTING MULTISPECIES RESPONSES IN MULTIFACTORIAL ECOLOGICAL EXPERIMENTS, Ecological Monographs, vol.69, issue.1, pp.1-24, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00142333

P. Legendre, MODELING BRAIN EVOLUTION FROM BEHAVIOR: A PERMUTATIONAL REGRESSION APPROACH, Evolution, vol.8, issue.5, pp.1487-1499, 1994.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1439-0469.1970.tb00876.x

D. Lesbarrères and L. Fahrig, Measures to reduce population fragmentation by roads: what has worked and how do we know?, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.27, issue.7, pp.374-380, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2012.01.015

R. Levins, Some Demographic and Genetic Consequences of Environmental Heterogeneity for Biological Control, Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America, vol.15, issue.3, pp.237-240, 1969.
DOI : 10.1093/besa/15.3.237

J. W. Lewis and L. A. Escobar, Suppression and Enhancement in Bivariate Regression, The Statistician, vol.35, issue.1, pp.17-26, 1986.
DOI : 10.2307/2988294

J. E. Malo, Can we mitigate animal-vehicle accidents using predictive models?, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.62, issue.4, pp.701-710, 2004.
DOI : 10.5194/we-3-33-2002

S. Manel and R. Holderegger, Ten years of landscape genetics, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.28, issue.10, pp.614-621, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2013.05.012

C. Mayer, Patchy population structure in a short-distance migrant: evidence from genetic and demographic data, Molecular Ecology, vol.15, issue.11, pp.2353-2364, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x

B. H. Mcrae, ISOLATION BY RESISTANCE, Evolution, vol.28, issue.8, pp.1551-1561, 2006.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00865.x

B. H. Mcrae and V. B. Shah, Circuitscape User Guide. Online. The University of California, 2009.

J. L. Mijangos, Contribution of genetics to ecological restoration, Molecular Ecology, vol.188, issue.1, pp.22-37, 2015.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.110.125260

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mec.12995/pdf

M. Monmonier, Maximum-Difference Barriers: An Alternative Numerical Regionalization Method*, Geographical Analysis, vol.58, issue.3, pp.245-261, 1973.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1538-4632.1969.tb00614.x

A. M. Mood, Partitioning Variance in Multiple Regression Analyses as a Tool For Developing Learning Models, American Educational Research Journal, vol.8, issue.2, pp.191-202, 1971.
DOI : 10.3102/00028312008002191

M. A. Murphy, Representing genetic variation as continuous surfaces: an approach for identifying spatial dependency in landscape genetic studies, Ecography, vol.19, issue.6, pp.685-697, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4899-4493-1

URL : http://public.wsu.edu/~storfer/pdfs/Murphyet al2009.pdf

R. G. Newton and D. J. Spurrell, A Development of Multiple Regression for the Analysis of Routine Data, Applied Statistics, vol.16, issue.1, p.51, 1967.
DOI : 10.2307/2985237

K. Nimon, Regression commonality analysis: demonstration of an SPSS solution. -Mult. Linear Regres, Viewp, vol.36, pp.10-17, 2010.

K. F. Nimon and F. L. Oswald, Understanding the Results of Multiple Linear Regression, Organizational Research Methods, vol.51, issue.44, pp.650-674, 2013.
DOI : 10.1080/00220670903383093

K. Nimon, An R package to compute commonality coefficients in the multiple regression case: An introduction to the package and a practical example, Behavior Research Methods, vol.28, issue.2, pp.457-466, 2008.
DOI : 10.1177/105381510602800405

A. Ar-ticle-paulhus and D. L. , Two replicable suppressor situations in personality research. -Multivar, Behav. Res, vol.39, pp.303-328, 2004.

S. Perez-espona, Genetic diversity and population structure of Scottish Highland red deer (Cervus elaphus) populations: a mitochondrial survey, Heredity, vol.22, issue.2, pp.199-210, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x

J. Pérez-gonzález, Population structure, habitat features and genetic structure of managed red deer populations, European Journal of Wildlife Research, vol.41, issue.6, pp.933-943, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2010.00177.x

W. E. Peterman, Ecological resistance surfaces predict fine-scale genetic differentiation in a terrestrial woodland salamander, Molecular Ecology, vol.4, issue.10, pp.2402-2413, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/2041-210x.12004

F. Pompanon, Genotyping errors: causes, consequences and solutions, Nature Reviews Genetics, vol.5, issue.11, pp.847-846, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01038.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00278823

C. Prévot and A. Licoppe, Comparing red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) and wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) dispersal patterns in southern Belgium, European Journal of Wildlife Research, vol.68, issue.3, pp.795-803, 2013.
DOI : 10.2307/1381598

J. K. Pritchard, Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data, Genetics, vol.155, pp.945-959, 2000.

J. G. Prunier, Optimizing the trade-off between spatial and genetic sampling efforts in patchy populations: towards a better assessment of functional connectivity using an individual-based sampling scheme, Molecular Ecology, vol.15, issue.22, pp.5516-5530, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00942596

J. G. Prunier, A 40-year-old divided highway does not prevent gene flow in the alpine newt Ichthyosaura alpestris, Conservation Genetics, vol.141, issue.11, pp.453-468, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.08.010

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00968131

J. G. Prunier, Multicollinearity in spatial genetics: separating the wheat from the chaff using commonality analyses, Molecular Ecology, vol.27, issue.2, pp.263-283, 2015.
DOI : 10.1007/s10980-012-9737-0

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01123861

S. J. Puechmaille, does not reliably recover the correct population structure when sampling is uneven: subsampling and new estimators alleviate the problem, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.44, issue.3, pp.608-627, 2016.
DOI : 10.1038/ng.2398

R. Development and C. Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2014.

J. Ray-mukherjee, Using commonality analysis in multiple regressions: a tool to decompose regression effects in the face of multicollinearity, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, vol.4, issue.4, pp.320-328, 2014.
DOI : 10.1177/105381510602800405

S. C. Renner, Using multiple landscape genetic approaches to test the validity of genetic clusters in a species characterized by an isolation-by-distance pattern, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.48, issue.2, 2015.
DOI : 10.2307/2408641

W. R. Rice, ANALYZING TABLES OF STATISTICAL TESTS, Evolution, vol.6, issue.1, pp.223-225, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4613-8122-8

T. H. Ricketts, The Matrix Matters: Effective Isolation in Fragmented Landscapes, The American Naturalist, vol.158, issue.1, pp.87-99, 2001.
DOI : 10.1086/320863

J. K. Roberts and K. Nimon, A Software Solution for Conducting Logistic Commonality Analysis, Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the Southwest Educational Research Association, 2012.

F. Rousset, genepop???007: a complete re-implementation of the genepop software for Windows and Linux, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.145, issue.1, pp.103-106, 2008.
DOI : 10.2307/2408641

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00366752

A. Ar-ticle-schielzeth and H. , Simple means to improve the interpretability of regression coefficients, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, vol.3, issue.2, pp.103-113, 2010.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511806384

G. Segelbacher, Applications of landscape genetics in conservation biology: concepts and challenges, Conservation Genetics, vol.28, issue.2, pp.375-385, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00689.x

D. R. Seibold and R. D. Mcphee, COMMONALITY ANALYSIS: A METHOD FOR DECOMPOSING EXPLAINED VARIANCE IN MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSES, Human Communication Research, vol.16, issue.4, pp.355-365, 1979.
DOI : 10.2307/1162174

K. A. Selkoe, Taking the chaos out of genetic patchiness: seascape genetics reveals ecological and oceanographic drivers of genetic patterns in three temperate reef species, Molecular Ecology, vol.30, issue.17, pp.3708-3726, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb00466.x

A. C. Smith, Confronting collinearity: comparing methods for disentangling the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, Landscape Ecology, vol.70, issue.3, pp.1271-1285, 2009.
DOI : 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1893:IOFCOT]2.0.CO;2

P. E. Smouse, Multiple Regression and Correlation Extensions of the Mantel Test of Matrix Correspondence, Systematic Zoology, vol.35, issue.4, pp.627-632, 1986.
DOI : 10.2307/2413122

P. D. Taylor, Connectivity Is a Vital Element of Landscape Structure, Oikos, vol.68, issue.3, pp.571-573, 1993.
DOI : 10.2307/3544927

C. J. Ter-braak and I. C. Prentice, A Theory of Gradient Analysis. -In: Advances in Ecological Research, pp.235-282, 2004.

L. Tischendorf and L. Fahrig, On the usage and measurement of landscape connectivity, Oikos, vol.90, issue.1, pp.7-19, 2000.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.900102.x

C. Van-oosterhout, micro-checker: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data, Molecular Ecology Notes, vol.8, issue.3, pp.535-538, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00477.x

M. Wang and A. Schreiber, The impact of habitat fragmentation and social structure on the population genetics of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) in Central Europe, Heredity, vol.86, issue.6, pp.703-715, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00889.x

S. Wright, Correlation and Causation, J. Agric. Res, vol.20, pp.557-585, 1921.

F. E. Zachos, ) at a Continental Scale: Insights from Microsatellite DNA, Journal of Heredity, vol.86, issue.4, pp.318-326, 2016.
DOI : 10.1080/11250003.2014.895060