Youth participation: strong discourses, weak policies, a general perspective [Chapter Two]
Résumé
Despite the many efforts of the European institutions to orientate in favour of youth policies, despite their attempts to designate priorities and to organise decisions in a comprehensive way, youth policies, at least in national arenas, seem to remain weak, fragmented and poorly funded. Our hypothesis is that a deep hiatus exists between the multiplicities of political discourses on youth on the one hand and the weakness of youth policies on the other hand. One might say that the emphasis on youth participation actually reflects the weakness of youth policies and the lack of strong political will and strategy regarding youth; participation takes the place of political aims and strategies. The discourse on youth participation implies that policy contents are actually being replaced by policy procedures. One explanation for this discrepancy is that youth policies belong at least partly to the category of symbolic public policy. To develop our argument, we first concentrate on the difficulties inherent in defining youth policies and then examine the various fragilities of youth policies at all stages of the decision making process.