D. E. Soltis, V. A. Albert, J. Leebens-mack, C. D. Bell, A. H. Paterson et al.,

C. W. Sankoff, P. K. De-pamphilis, P. S. Wall, and . Soltis, Polyploidy and angiosperm diversification, Am. J. Bot, vol.96, pp.336-348, 2009.

L. Comai, The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid, Nat. Rev. Genet, vol.6, pp.836-846, 2005.

A. Madlung and J. F. Wendel, Genetic and epigenetic aspects of polyploid evolution in plants, Cytogenet. Genome Res, vol.140, pp.270-285, 2013.

P. S. Soltis, D. B. Marchant, Y. Van-de-peer, and D. E. Soltis, Polyploidy and genome evolution in plants, Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev, vol.35, pp.119-125, 2015.

K. Alix, P. R. Gérard, T. Schwarzacher, and J. S. , Pat) Heslop-Harrison, Polyploidy and interspecific hybridization: partners for adaptation, speciation and evolution in plants, Ann. Bot, vol.120, pp.183-194, 2017.

J. J. Doyle, L. E. Flagel, A. H. Paterson, R. A. Rapp, D. E. Soltis et al., Evolutionary genetics of genome merger and doubling in plants, Annu. Rev. Genet, vol.42, pp.443-461, 2008.

P. M. Peterson, K. Romaschenko, Y. H. Arrieta, and J. M. Saarela, A molecular phylogeny and new subgeneric classification of Sporobolus; (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Sporobolinae), vol.63, pp.1212-1243, 2014.

S. Lowe, M. Browne, S. Boudjelas, and M. D. Poorter, 100 of the world's worst invasive alien species: A selection from the Global invasive species database, Invasive Species Spec. Group ISSG Spec. Group Species Surviv. Comm. SSC World Conserv. Union IUCN. First published as special lift-out in Aliens, vol.12, p.12, 2000.

M. L. Ainouche, A. Baumel, A. Salmon, and G. Yannic, Hybridization, polyploidy and speciation in Spartina (Poaceae), vol.161, pp.165-172, 2003.

M. Ainouche, H. Chelaifa, J. Ferreira, S. Bellot, A. Ainouche et al., Polyploid evolution in Spartina: Dealing with highly redundant hybrid genomes, Polyploidy Genome Evol, pp.225-243, 2012.

A. Baumel, M. L. Ainouche, and J. E. Levasseur, Molecular investigations in populations of Spartina anglica C.E. Hubbard (Poaceae) invading coastal Brittany (France), vol.10, pp.1689-1701, 2001.

M. L. Ainouche, A. Baumel, A. Salmon, and C. E. , Hubbard: a natural model system for analysing early evolutionary changes that affect allopolyploid genomes: evolution of the Spartina anglica, Biol. J. Linn. Soc, vol.82, pp.475-484, 2004.

A. Salmon, M. L. Ainouche, and J. F. Wendel, Genetic and epigenetic consequences of recent hybridization and polyploidy in Spartina (Poaceae), Mol. Ecol, vol.14, pp.1163-1175, 2005.

C. Parisod, A. Salmon, T. Zerjal, M. Tenaillon, M. Grandbastien et al., Rapid structural and epigenetic reorganization near transposable elements in hybrid and allopolyploid genomes in Spartina, New Phytol, vol.184, pp.1003-1015, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00448908

H. Chelaifa, A. Monnier, and M. Ainouche, Transcriptomic changes following recent natural hybridization and allopolyploidy in the salt marsh species Spartina × townsendii and Spartina anglica (Poaceae), New Phytol, vol.186, pp.161-174, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01117096

B. R. Maricle and R. W. Lee, Aerenchyma development and oxygen transport in the estuarine cordgrasses Spartina alterniflora and S. anglica, Aquat. Bot, vol.74, pp.109-120, 2002.

B. R. Maricle, J. J. Crosier, B. C. Bussiere, and R. W. Lee, Respiratory enzyme activities correlate with anoxia tolerance in salt marsh grasses, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol, vol.337, pp.30-37, 2006.

J. B. Adams and G. C. Bate, Ecological implications of tolerance of salinity and inundation by Spartina maritima, Aquat. Bot, vol.52, pp.183-191, 1995.

A. W. Watts, T. P. Ballestero, and K. H. Gardner, Uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in salt marsh plants Spartina alterniflora grown in contaminated sediments, Chemosphere, vol.62, pp.1253-1260, 2006.

I. A. Mendelssohn, G. L. Andersen, and L. P. Rozas, Oil impacts on coastal wetlands: Implications for the Mississippi river delta ecosystem after the deepwater horizon oil spill, BioScience, vol.62, pp.562-574, 2012.

S. Redondo-gomez, Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Spartina, Funct. Plant Biol, 2013.

G. Curado, A. E. Rubio-casal, E. Figueroa, and J. M. Castillo, Potential of Spartina maritima in restored salt marshes for phytoremediation of metals in a highly polluted estuary, Int. J. Phytoremediation, vol.16, pp.1209-1220, 2014.

P. Biber, W. Wu, M. Peterson, Z. Liu, and L. Pham, Oil contamination in Mississippi salt marsh habitats and the impacts to Spartina alterniflora photosynthesis, Impacts Oil Spill Disasters Mar. Habitats Fish. N. Am, pp.133-172, 2014.

A. Bergen, C. Alderson, R. Bergfors, C. Aquila, and M. A. , Restoration of a Spartina alterniflorasalt marsh following a fuel oil spill, Wetl. Ecol. Manag, vol.8, pp.185-195, 2000.

C. H. Chaîneau, J. L. Morel, and J. Oudot, Phytotoxicity and plant uptake of fuel oil hydrocarbons, J. Environ. Qual, vol.26, p.1478, 1997.

P. J. Harvey, B. F. Campanella, P. M. Castro, H. Harms, E. Lichtfouse et al., Phytoremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons, anilines and phenols, vol.9, pp.29-47, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00263873

B. M. Greenberg, PAH Interactions with plants: Uptake, toxicity and phytoremediation, pp.263-273, 2003.

Y. Gao and L. Zhu, Plant uptake, accumulation and translocation of phenanthrene and pyrene in soils, Chemosphere, vol.55, pp.1169-1178, 2004.

E. Pilon-smits, Annu. Rev. Plant Biol, vol.56, pp.15-39, 2005.

X. Zhan, X. Zhang, X. Yin, H. Ma, J. Liang et al., H+/phenanthrene symporter and aquaglyceroporin are implicated in phenanthrene uptake by wheat (L.) roots, J. Environ. Qual, vol.41, p.188, 2012.

M. Alkio, T. M. Tabuchi, X. Wang, and A. Colon-carmona, Stress responses to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Arabidopsis include growth inhibition and hypersensitive response-like symptoms, J. Exp. Bot, vol.56, pp.2983-2994, 2005.

H. Liu, D. Weisman, Y. Ye, B. Cui, Y. Huang et al., An oxidative stress response to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure is rapid and complex in Arabidopsis thaliana, Plant Sci, vol.176, pp.375-382, 2009.

C. Sulmon, G. Gouesbet, F. Ramel, F. Cabello-hurtado, C. Penno et al., Carbon dynamics, development and stress responses in Arabidopsis: Involvement of the APL4 subunit of ADP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase, vol.6, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00671124

M. Shiri, M. Rabhi, C. Abdelly, and A. E. Amrani, The halophytic model plant Thellungiella salsuginea exhibited increased tolerance to phenanthrene-induced stress in comparison with the glycophitic one Arabidopsis thaliana: Application for phytoremediation, Ecol. Eng, vol.74, pp.125-134, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01096907

A. Dumas, L. Taconnat, E. Barbas, G. Rigaill, O. Catrice et al., Unraveling the early molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in response to phenanthrene exposure, BMC Genomics, vol.17, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01397859

D. Weisman, M. Alkio, and A. Colón-carmona, Transcriptional responses to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-induced stress in Arabidopsis thaliana reveal the involvement of hormone and defense signaling pathways, BMC Plant Biol, vol.10, p.59, 2010.

A. C. Singer, D. E. Crowley, and I. P. Thompson, Secondary plant metabolites in phytoremediation and biotransformation, Trends Biotechnol, vol.21, pp.123-130, 2003.

R. Edwards, D. P. Dixon, I. Cummins, M. Brazier-hicks, and M. Skipsey, New perspectives on the metabolism and detoxification of synthetic compounds in plants, Org. Xenobiotics Plants, pp.125-148, 2011.

G. Taguchi, T. Ubukata, H. Nozue, Y. Kobayashi, M. Takahi et al.,

. Hayashida, Malonylation is a key reaction in the metabolism of xenobiotic phenolic glucosides in Arabidopsis and tobacco: Phenolic-xenobiotics metabolism in Arabidopsis, Plant J, vol.63, pp.1031-1041, 2010.

A. E. Amrani, A. Dumas, L. Y. Wick, E. Yergeau, and R. Berthomé, Insights into PAH Degradation Toward Improved Green Remediation Biotechnologies, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.49, pp.11281-11291, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01230506

M. Alvarez, J. Ferreira-de-carvalho, A. Salmon, M. L. Ainouche, A. Cavé-radet et al., Transcriptome response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill identifies novel candidate genes for oil tolerance in natural populations of the foundation plant Spartina alterniflora, Mol. Ecol, 2018.

Z. Liu, J. Liu, Q. Zhu, and W. Wu, The weathering of oil after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: insights from the chemical composition of the oil from the sea surface, salt marshes and sediments, Environ. Res. Lett, vol.7, p.35302, 2012.

K. E. Smith and K. C. Jones, Particles and vegetation: implications for the transfer of particle-bound organic contaminants to vegetation, Sci. Total Environ, vol.246, pp.207-236, 2000.

A. Narayan, M. Misra, and R. Singh, Chlorophyll fluorescence in plant biology, Biophysics, 2012.

M. V. Rao and K. R. Davis, Ozone-induced cell death occurs via two distinct mechanisms in Arabidopsis: the role of salicylic acid, Plant J, vol.17, pp.603-614, 1999.

F. Ramel, C. Sulmon, F. Cabello-hurtado, L. Taconnat, M. Martin-magniette et al.,

A. E. Renou, I. Amrani, G. Couée, and . Gouesbet, Genome-wide interacting effects of sucrose and herbicide-mediated stress in Arabidopsis thaliana: novel insights into atrazine toxicity and sucrose-induced tolerance, BMC Genomics, vol.8, p.450, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00264268

J. Ferreira-de-carvalho, J. Poulain, C. D. Silva, P. Wincker, S. Michon-coudouel et al., Transcriptome de novo assembly from next-generation sequencing and comparative analyses in the hexaploid salt marsh species Spartina maritima and Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae), Heredity, vol.110, pp.181-193, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00797941

J. Boutte, B. Aliaga, O. Lima, J. Ferreira-de-carvalho, A. Ainouche et al., Haplotype detection from Next Generation Sequencing in high ploidy-level species: 45S rDNA gene copies in the hexaploid Spartina maritima, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01269912

J. Boutte, C. J. Ferreira-de, M. Rousseau-gueutin, J. Poulain, C. D. Silva et al., Reference transcriptomes and detection of duplicated copies in hexaploid and allododecaploid Spartina species (Poaceae), Genome Biol. Evol, p.209, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01412081

A. S. Milligan, A. Daly, M. A. Parry, P. Lazzeri, and I. Jepson, The expression of a maize glutathione S-transferase gene in transgenic wheat confers herbicide tolerance, both in planta and in vitro, Mol. Breed, vol.7, pp.301-315, 2001.

N. E. Labrou, A. C. Papageorgiou, O. Pavli, and E. Flemetakis, Plant GSTome: structure and functional role in xenome network and plant stress response, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol, vol.32, pp.186-194, 2015.

K. Nahar, M. Hasanuzzaman, and M. Fujita, Physiological roles of glutathione in conferring abiotic stress tolerance to plants, Abiotic Stress Response Plants, pp.155-184, 2016.

B. P. Deridder, Induction of Glutathione S-Transferases in Arabidopsis by herbicide safeners, PLANT Physiol, vol.130, pp.1497-1505, 2002.

S. F. Altschul, W. Gish, W. Miller, E. W. Myers, and D. J. Lipman, Basic local alignment search tool, J. Mol. Biol, vol.215, pp.403-410, 1990.

R. D. Finn, P. Coggill, R. Y. Eberhardt, S. R. Eddy, J. Mistry et al., The Pfam protein families database: towards a more sustainable future, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.44, pp.279-285, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01294685

K. Katoh and D. M. Standley, MAFFT Multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability, Mol. Biol. Evol, vol.30, pp.772-780, 2013.

G. Talavera, J. Castresana, K. Kjer, R. Page, and J. Sullivan, Improvement of phylogenies after removing divergent and ambiguously aligned blocks from protein sequence alignments, Syst. Biol, vol.56, pp.564-577, 2007.

L. Nguyen, H. A. Schmidt, A. Haeseler, and B. Q. Minh, IQ-TREE: A Fast and Effective Stochastic Algorithm for Estimating Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies, Mol. Biol. Evol, vol.32, pp.268-274, 2015.

B. Q. Minh, M. A. Nguyen, and A. Haeseler, Ultrafast Approximation for Phylogenetic Bootstrap, Mol. Biol. Evol, vol.30, pp.1188-1195, 2013.

N. Baisakh, P. K. Subudhi, and N. P. Parami, cDNA-AFLP analysis reveals differential gene expression in response to salt stress in a halophyte Spartina alterniflora Loisel, Plant Sci, vol.170, pp.1141-1149, 2006.

. R-core-team, R: a language and environement for statistical computing, R foundation for statistical computing, 2015.

M. Jain, C. Ghanashyam, and A. Bhattacharjee, Comprehensive expression analysis suggests overlapping and specific roles of rice glutathione S-transferase genes during development and stress responses, BMC Genomics, vol.11, p.73, 2010.

M. W. Pfaffl, A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.29, p.45, 2001.

Y. Van-de-peer, E. Mizrachi, and K. Marchal, The evolutionary significance of polyploidy, Nat. Rev. Genet, vol.18, pp.411-424, 2017.

S. Paterson, D. Mackay, and C. Mcfarlane, A model of organic chemical uptake by plants from soil and the atmosphere, Environ. Sci. Technol, vol.28, pp.2259-2266, 1994.

R. Edwards, M. Brazier-hicks, D. P. Dixon, and I. Cummins, Chemical manipulation of antioxidant defences in plants, Adv. Bot. Res, pp.1-32, 2005.

H. Sandermann, Plant metabolism of xenobiotics, Trends Biochem. Sci, vol.17, pp.82-84, 1992.

P. G. Sappl, A. J. Carroll, R. Clifton, R. Lister, J. Whelan et al., The Arabidopsis glutathione transferase gene family displays complex stress regulation and cosilencing multiple genes results in altered metabolic sensitivity to oxidative stress: Genomic and reverse genetic analysis of plant GSTs, Plant J, vol.58, pp.53-68, 2009.

P. Lallement, B. Brouwer, O. Keech, A. Hecker, and N. Rouhier, The still mysterious roles of cysteine-containing glutathione transferases in plants, Front. Pharmacol, vol.5, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01268957

D. P. Dixon, R. Edwards, and G. Transferases, Arab. Book, vol.8, 2010.

D. P. Dixon, B. G. Davis, and R. Edwards, Functional Divergence in the Glutathione transferase superfamily in plants. Identification of two classes with putative functions in redox homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana, J. Biol. Chem, vol.277, pp.30859-30869, 2002.

Y. Yang, K. Lai, P. Tai, and W. Li, Rates of nucleotide substitution in angiosperm mitochondrial DNA sequences and dates of divergence between Brassica and other angiosperm lineages, J. Mol. Evol, vol.48, pp.597-604, 1999.

C. J. Marchant, Evolution in Spartina (Gramineae): I. The history and morphology of the genus in Britain, J. Linn. Soc. Lond. Bot, vol.60, pp.1-24, 1967.

A. J. Gray, D. F. Marshall, and A. F. Raybould, A Century of Evolution in Spartina anglica, Adv. Ecol. Res, pp.1-62, 1991.

A. R. Reddy and A. S. Raghavendra, Photooxidative stress, Physiol. Mol. Biol. Stress Toler. Plants, pp.157-186, 2006.

Q. Wang, S. An, Z. Ma, J. Chen, and B. Li, Invasive Spartina alterniflora: biology, ecology and management, Acta Phytotaxon. Sin, vol.44, p.559, 2006.

C. M. Anderson and M. Treshow, A Review of Environmental and Genetic Factors That Affect Height in Spartina alterniflora Loisel. (Salt Marsh Cord Grass), Estuaries, vol.3, p.168, 1980.

J. D. Thompson, The biology of an invasive plant, vol.41, pp.393-401, 1991.

J. Adams, E. Van-wyk, and T. Riddin, First record of Spartina alterniflora in southern Africa indicates adaptive potential of this saline grass, Biol. Invasions, vol.18, pp.2153-2158, 2016.

M. Ainouche and A. Gray, Invasive Spartina: lessons and challenges, Biol. Invasions, vol.18, pp.2119-2122, 2016.
DOI : 10.1007/s10530-016-1201-7

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01371823

W. H. Elmer, R. E. Marra, H. Li, and B. Li, Incidence of Fusarium spp. on the invasive Spartina alterniflora on Chongming Island, vol.18, pp.2221-2227, 2016.

A. F. Raybould, A. J. Gray, M. J. Lawrence, and D. F. Marshall, The evolution of Spartina anglica C. E. Hubbard (Gramineae): genetic variation and status of the parental species in Britain, Biol. J. Linn. Soc, vol.44, pp.369-380, 1991.

M. D. Bertness, Zonation of Spartina patens and Spartina alterniflora in New England salt marsh, Ecology, vol.72, p.138, 1991.

J. M. Castillo, L. Fernandez-baco, E. M. Castellanos, C. J. Luque, M. E. Figueroa et al., Lower limits of Spartina densiflora and S. maritima in a Mediterranean salt marsh determined by different ecophysiological tolerances, J. Ecol, vol.88, pp.801-812, 2000.

S. D. Hacker, D. Heimer, and M. N. Dethier, A marine plant (Spartina anglica) invades widely varying habitats: Potential mechanisms of invasion and control, Biol. Invasions, vol.3, pp.211-217, 2001.

C. L. Richards, S. C. Pennings, and L. A. Donovan, Habitat range and phenotypic variation in salt marsh plants, Plant Ecol, vol.176, pp.263-273, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s11258-004-0841-3

C. L. Richards, J. L. Hamrick, L. A. Donovan, and R. Mauricio, Unexpectedly high clonal diversity of two salt marsh perennials across a severe environmental gradient, Ecol. Lett, vol.7, pp.1155-1162, 2004.

J. Rozema, H. Gude, and G. Pollak, An ecophysiological study of the salt secretion of four halophytes, New Phytol, vol.89, pp.201-217, 1981.

S. R. Pezeshki and R. D. De-laune, Effect of crude oil on gas exchange functions of Juncus roemerianus and Spartina alterniflora, Water. Air. Soil Pollut, vol.68, pp.461-468, 1993.

Q. Lin and I. A. Mendelssohn, Evaluation of tolerance limits for restauration anf phytoremediation with Spartina alterniflora in crude oil contaminated coastal salt marshes, Int. Oil Spill Conf, Proc. 2008, pp.869-873, 2008.

M. L. Ainouche and J. F. Wendel, Polyploid speciation and genome evolution: Lessons from recent allopolyploids, Evol. Biol. Genome Evol. Speciat. Coevol. Orig. Life, pp.87-113, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-319-07623-2_5

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01110219

J. Ferreira-de-carvalho, J. Boutte, P. Bourdaud, H. Chelaifa, K. Ainouche et al., Gene expression variation in natural populations of hexaploid and allododecaploid Spartina species (Poaceae), 2017.

M. Rousseau-gueutin, S. Bellot, G. E. Martin, J. Boutte, H. Chelaifa et al., The chloroplast genome of the hexaploid Spartina maritima (Poaceae, Chloridoideae): Comparative analyses and molecular dating, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol, vol.93, pp.5-16, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01187129

E. Manousaki and N. Kalogerakis, Halophytes-An Emerging Trend in Phytoremediation, Int. J. Phytoremediation, vol.13, pp.959-969, 2011.
DOI : 10.1080/15226514.2010.532241

W. S. Alves, E. A. Manoel, N. S. Santos, R. O. Nunes, G. C. Domiciano et al., Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Medicago sativa L. by fluorescence microscopy, Micron, vol.95, pp.23-30, 2017.