A. G. Fane, R. Wang, and M. X. Hu, Synthetic membranes for water purification: Status and future, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl, vol.54, pp.3368-3386, 2015.

G. D. Kang and Y. M. Cao, Application and modification of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes -A review, J. Membr. Sci, vol.463, pp.145-165, 2014.

N. Hilal, M. Khayet, and C. J. Wright, Membrane Modification: Technology and Applications, 2016.

D. Rana and T. Matsuura, Surface modifications for antifouling membranes, Chem. Rev, vol.110, pp.2448-2471, 2010.

F. Liu, N. Hashim, Y. Liu, M. R. Moghareh-abed, and K. Li, Progress in the production and modification of PVDF membranes, J. Membr. Sci, vol.375, issue.1-2, pp.1-27, 2011.

H. Y. Ma and Y. M. Yang, Rheology, morphology and mechanical properties of compatibilized poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) blends, Polym. Test, vol.27, pp.441-446, 2008.

E. Jahangiri, I. Thomas, A. Schulze, B. Seiwert, H. Cabana et al., Characterisation of electron beam irradiation-immobilised laccase for application in wastewater treatment, Sci. Total Envir, vol.624, pp.309-322, 2018.

C. Li, L. Wang, X. Wang, M. Kong, Q. Zhang et al., Synthesis of PVDF-g-PSSA proton exchange membrane by ozone-induced graft copolymerization and its application in microbial fuel cells, J. Membr. Sci, vol.527, pp.35-42, 2017.

J. S. Forsythe and D. J. Hill, The radiation chemistry of fluoropolymers, Prog. Polym. Sci, vol.25, pp.101-136, 2000.

A. Bhattacharya, Radiation and industrial polymers, vol.25, pp.371-401, 2000.

R. Timmerman and W. Greyson, The predominant reaction of some fluorinated polymers to ionizing radiation, J. Appl. Polym. Sci, vol.6, pp.456-460, 1962.

E. Adem, J. Rickards, G. Burillo, and M. , Avalos-BorjaChanges in poly-vinylidene fluoride produced by electron irradiation, Radiat. Phys. Chem, vol.54, pp.637-641, 1999.

M. M. Nasef, H. Saidi, and K. Z. , DahlanInvestigation of electron irradiation induced-changes in poly (vinylidene fluoride) films, Polym. Degrad. Stab, vol.75, pp.85-92, 2002.

D. Liu, J. Zhu, M. Qiu, and C. He, Antifouling PVDF membrane grafted with zwitterionic poly(lysine methacrylamide) brushes, RSC Adv, vol.6, pp.61434-61442, 2016.

Q. Li, J. Imbrogno, G. Belfort, and X. L. Wang, Making polymeric membranes antifouling via "grafting from" polymerization of zwitterions, J. Appl. Polym. Sci, vol.132, p.41781, 2015.

A. M. Alswieleh, N. Cheng, I. Canton, B. Ustbas, X. Xue et al.,

M. L. El-zubir, C. N. Cartron, G. J. Hunter, S. P. Leggett, and . Armes, Zwitterionic poly(amino acid methacrylate) brushes, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.136, pp.9404-9413, 2014.

J. B. Schleno, Zwitteration: coating surfaces with zwitterionic functionality to reduce nonspecific adsorption, Langmuir, vol.30, pp.9625-9636, 2014.

Q. Liu, A. Singh, and L. Liu, Amino acid-based zwitterionic poly(serine methacrylate) as an antifouling material, Biomacromolecules, vol.14, pp.226-231, 2013.

Q. Shi, Y. Su, W. Chen, J. Peng, L. Nie et al., Grafting short-chain amino acids onto membrane surfaces to resist protein fouling, J. Membr. Sci, vol.366, pp.398-404, 2011.

P. Cotanda, D. B. Wright, M. Tyler, and R. K. O'reilly, A comparative study of the stimuliresponsive properties of DMAEA and DMAEMA containing polymers, J. Pol. Sci. Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol.51, issue.16, pp.3333-3338, 2013.

J. C. An, A. Weaver, B. Kim, A. Barkatt, D. Poster et al.,

. Sheikhly, Radiation-induced synthesis of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) nanogel, Polymer, vol.52, issue.25, pp.5746-5755, 2011.

K. Makuuchi and S. Cheng, Radiation processing of polymer materials and its industrial applications, 2011.

M. Maruthamuthu and E. Subramanian, Binding of evans blue onto poly (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)

, Polym Bull, vol.14, pp.207-212, 1985.

J. Rosiak, J. Olejniczak, and W. P?kala, Fast reaction of irradiated polymers-I. Crosslinking and degradation of polyvinylpyrrolidone, Inter. J. Rad. App. Instr. Part C. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol.36, issue.6, pp.747-755, 1990.

R. J. Woods and A. K. , Pikaev Applied radiation chemistry Radiation processing, 1994.

J. Poly, D. J. Wilson, M. Destarac, and D. Taton, Synthesis of Poly
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00402640

, Xanthate-Mediated Radical Crosslinking Copolymerization, Macromol. Rapid Commun, vol.29, pp.1965-1972, 2008.

E. D. Nicolo, D. Paderno, A. Bourdette, D. Lanson, and A. Sanguineti, Method for manufacturing porous fluoropolymer membrane, EP, vol.2, pp.12-13

J. P. Barton and J. E. Packer, The radiolysis of oxygenated cysteine solutions at neutral pH. The role of RSS ? R and O2?, International Journal for Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol.2, issue.3, pp.159-166, 1970.

F. Allaveisi, B. Hashemi, and S. M. Mortazavi, Effect of gamma sterilization on microhardness of the cortical bone tissue of bovine femur in presence of N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine free radical scavenger, Physica Medica, vol.30, issue.3, pp.314-319, 2014.

R. Du, A. Chakma, and X. Feng, Interfacially formed poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)/polysulfone composite membranes for CO2/N2 separation, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.290, issue.1-2, pp.19-28, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.12.010

M. Seiderman, Hydrophilic gel polymer insoluble in water from polyvinylpyrrolidone with nvinyl-2-pyrrolidone and methacrylic modifier, US patent, 1969.

A. Henke, S. Kadlubowski, P. Ulanski, J. M. Rosiak, and . Arndt, Radiation-induced cross-linking of polyvinylpyrrolidone-poly(acrylic acid) complexes, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, vol.236, pp.391-398, 2005.

H. Kim and B. A. Dempsey, Membrane fouling due to alginate, SMP, EfOM, humic acid, and NOM, J. Membr. Sci, vol.428, pp.190-197, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.11.004

B. Jaleh, N. Gavary, P. Fakhri, N. Muensit, and S. M. Taheri, Characteristics of PVDF Membranes Irradiated by Electron Beam, Membranes, vol.5, issue.1, pp.1-10, 2015.

, DEFRA, Government Water Framework Directive Implementation in England and Wales: New and Updated Standards to Protect the Water Environment. Crown Copyright, 2014.

E. J. Abbott and F. A. Firestone, Specifying surface quality: a method based on accurate measurement and comparison, J. Mech. Eng, vol.55, pp.569-572, 1933.

W. P. Dong, P. J. Sullivan, and K. J. Stout, Comprehensive study of parameters for characterising three-dimensional surface topography, Wear, vol.178, issue.1, pp.29-43, 1994.

C. D. Wagner, Sensitivity factors for XPS analysis of surface atoms, J. Elec. Spec. Rel. Phen, vol.32, issue.2, pp.99-102, 1983.

K. Katsoufidou, S. G. Yiantsios, and A. J. Karabelas, Experimental study of ultrafiltration membrane fouling by sodium alginate and flux recovery by backwashing, J. Membr. Sci, vol.300, issue.1-2, pp.137-146, 2007.

D. Jermann, W. Pronk, R. Kägi, M. Halbeisen, and M. Boller, Influence of interactions between NOM and particles on UF fouling mechanisms, Water Res, vol.42, issue.14, pp.3870-3878, 2008.

B. Teychene, G. Collet, and H. Gallard, Modeling of combined particles and natural organic matter fouling of ultrafiltration membrane, J. Membr. Sci, vol.505, pp.185-193, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01649376

A. Zengin, G. Karakose, and T. Caykara, Poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) brushes fabricated by surface-mediated RAFT polymerization and their response to pH, Eur. Pol. J, vol.49, p.3350, 2013.

E. Nagao and J. A. Dvorak, Phase Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy: Analysis of Living Homoiothermic Vertebrate Cells, Biophysical J, vol.76, issue.6, pp.3289-3297, 1999.

N. H. Lee, G. Amy, J. P. Croue, and H. Buisson, Morphological analyses of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of low-pressure membranes (MF/UF), J. Membr. Sci, vol.261, issue.1-2, pp.7-16, 2005.

E. M. Vrijenhoek, S. Hong, and M. Elimelech, Influence of membrane surface properties on initial rate of colloidal fouling of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes, J. Membr. Sci, vol.188, issue.1, pp.115-128, 2001.

R. W. Bowen and .. A. Doneva, Atomic Force Microscopy studies of membranes: Effect of surface roughness on double-layer interactions and particle adhesion, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.229, issue.2, pp.544-549, 2000.

S. Zhang, J. Cao, N. Ma, M. You, X. Wang et al., Fast and facile fabrication of antifouling and hemocompatible PVDF membrane tethered with amino-acid modified PEG film, Appl. Surf. Sci, vol.428, pp.41-53, 2018.

N. Daems, S. Milis, R. Verbeke, A. Szymczyk, P. P. Pescarmona et al., Highperformance membranes with full pH-stability, RSC Adv, vol.8, pp.8813-8827, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01740155

A. Schulze, M. F. Maitz, R. Zimmermann, B. Marquardt, M. Fischer et al.,

. Thomas, Permanent surface modification by electron-beam-induced grafting of hydrophilic polymers to PVDF membranes, RSC Adv, vol.3, pp.22518-22526, 2013.

M. Wilson, Fluorocarbon polymeric compositions having hydrophilic functional groups and process, pp.7288600-7288602, 2004.

M. Wilson, Fluorocarbon polymeric compositions having hydrophilic functional groups and process, pp.7288600-7288602, 2004.

C. Werner, H. Körber, R. Zimmermann, S. Dukhin, and H. Jacobasch, Extended Electrokinetic Characterization of Flat Solid Surfaces, J. Colloid Interface Sci, vol.208, pp.329-346, 1998.

Y. Hanafi, P. Loulergue, S. Ababou-girard, C. Meriadec, M. Rabiller-baudry et al., Electrokinetic analysis of PES/PVP membranes aged by sodium hypochlorite solutions at different pH, J. Membr. Sci, vol.501, pp.24-32, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01236432

S. Burkert, M. Kuntzsch, C. Bellmann, P. Uhlmann, and M. Stamm, Tuning of surface properties of thin polymer films by electron beam treatment, Applied Surface Science, vol.255, issue.12, pp.6256-6261, 2009.

D. Breite, M. Went, A. Prager, and A. Schulze, Tailoring Membrane Surface Charges: A Novel Study on Electrostatic Interactions during Membrane Fouling, Polymers, vol.7, pp.2017-2030, 2015.

A. Schulze, B. Marquardt, M. Went, A. Prager, and M. R. Buchmeiser, Electron beam-based functionalization of poly(ethersulfone) membranes, Water Sci Technol, vol.65, issue.3, pp.574-80, 2012.

S. Azari and L. D. Zou, Fouling resistant zwitterionic surface modification of reverse osmosis membranes using amino acid L-cysteine, Desal, vol.324, pp.79-86, 2013.

E. Adem, J. Rickards, G. Burillo, and M. Avalos-borja, Changes in poly-vinylidene fluoride produced by electron irradiation, Radiation Phy. Chem, vol.54, issue.6, pp.637-641, 1999.

X. Cai, T. Lei, D. Sund, and L. Linde, A critical analysis of the a, b and g phases in poly(vinylidene fluoride) using FTIR, RSC Adv, vol.7, pp.15382-15389, 2017.

H. Bai, X. Wang, Y. Zhou, and L. Zhang, Preparation and characterization of poly(vinylidene fluoride) composite membranes blended with nano-crystalline cellulose, Prog. Natural Sci: Mat. Inter, vol.22, issue.3, pp.250-257, 2012.

C. Regula, E. Carretier, Y. Wyart, G. Gesan-guiziou, A. Vincent et al.,

, MoulinChemical cleaning/disinfection and ageing of organic UF membranes: a review, Water Res, vol.56, pp.325-365, 2014.

D. Meinhold, R. Schweiss, S. Zschoche, A. Janke, A. Baier et al.,

. Werner, Hydrogel Characteristics of Electron-Beam-Immobilized Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Films on Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Supports, Langmuir, vol.20, issue.2, pp.396-401, 2004.

M. Sabatino, D. Bulone, M. Veres, A. Spinella, G. Spadaro et al., Structure of e-beam sculptured poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) networks across different length-scales, from macro to nano, Polymer, vol.54, issue.1, pp.54-64, 2013.

S. Wang, D. Du, and Q. Zou, Electrochemical behavior of epinephrine at l-cysteine self-assembled monolayers modified gold electrode, Talanta, vol.57, issue.4, pp.687-692, 2002.

C. Sun and X. Feng, Enhancing the performance of PVDF membranes by hydrophilic surface modification via amine treatment, Sep. Purif. Tech, vol.185, pp.94-102, 2017.

P. Kanagaraj, A. Nagendran, D. Rana, T. Matsuura, S. Neelakandan et al.,

. Pandiyarajan, Performances of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) ultrafiltration membranes modified with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), Polym Eng Sci, vol.55, pp.2482-2492, 2015.

H. Kaplan-can, Synthesis of persulfate containing poly (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) hydrogels in aqueous solutions by ?-induced radiation, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol.72, pp.703-710, 2005.