F. Aigner, A. P. Zbar, B. Ludwikowski, A. Kreczy, P. Kovacs et al., The rectogenital septum: morphology, function, and clinical relevance, Dis Colon Rectum, vol.47, pp.131-140, 2004.

B. Alsaid, D. Moszkowicz, F. Peschaud, T. Bessede, M. Zaitouna et al., Autonomic-somatic communications in the human pelvis: computer-assisted anatomic dissection in male and female fetuses, J Anat, vol.219, pp.565-573, 2011.

T. Arakawa, S. Hayashi, Y. Kinugasa, G. Murakami, and M. Fujimiya, Development of the external anal sphincter with special reference to intergender difference: observations of mid-term fetuses (15-30 weeks of gestation), Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn, vol.87, pp.49-58, 2010.

T. Arakawa, G. Murakami, F. Nakajima, A. Matsubara, A. Ohtsuka et al., Morphologies of the interfaces between the levator ani muscle and pelvic viscera, with special reference to muscle insertion into the anorectum in elderly Japanese, Anat Sci Int, vol.79, pp.72-81, 2004.

O. Arango-toro and J. M. Domenech-mateu, Development of the pelvic plexus in human embryos and fetuses and its relationship with the pelvic viscera, Eur J Morphol, vol.31, pp.193-208, 1993.

G. Benoit, S. Droupy, J. Quillard, V. Paradis, and F. Giuliano, Supra and infralevator neurovascular pathways to the penile corpora cavernosa, J Anat, vol.195, pp.605-615, 1999.

J. Bremer, F. Baumann, C. Tiberi, C. Wessig, H. Fischer et al., Axonal prion protein is required for peripheral myelin maintenance, Nat Neurosci, vol.13, pp.310-318, 2010.

J. D. Brooks, S. E. Eggener, and W. M. Chao, Anatomy of the rectourethralis muscle, Eur Urol, vol.41, pp.94-100, 2002.

S. A. Butler-manuel, L. D. Buttery, A. 'hern, R. P. Polak, J. M. Barton et al., Pelvic nerve plexus trauma at radical and simple hysterectomy: a quantitative study of nerve types in the uterine supporting ligaments, J Soc Gynecol Investig, vol.9, pp.47-56, 2002.

A. J. Costello, M. Brooks, and O. J. Cole, Anatomical studies of the neurovascular bundle and cavernosal nerves, BJU Int, vol.94, pp.1071-1076, 2004.

J. O. Delancey, Anatomy and biomechanics of genital prolapse, Clin Obstet Gynecol, vol.36, pp.897-909, 1993.

V. Ficarra, G. Novara, T. E. Ahlering, A. Costello, J. A. Eastham et al., Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting potency rates after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy, Eur Urol, vol.62, pp.418-430, 2012.

V. Ficarra, G. Novara, R. C. Rosen, W. Artibani, P. R. Carroll et al., Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting urinary continence recovery after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy, Eur Urol, vol.62, pp.405-417, 2012.

H. Fritsch, Topography of the pelvic autonomic nerves in human fetuses between 21-29 weeks of gestation, Anat Embryol (Berl), vol.180, pp.57-64, 1989.

H. Fritsch, A. Lienemann, E. Brenner, and B. Ludwikowski, Clinical anatomy of the pelvic floor, Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol, vol.175, pp.1-64, 2004.

J. Henle, Handbuch der systematischen anatomie des menschen

Y. Kinugasa, T. Arakawa, H. Abe, S. Abe, B. H. Cho et al., Anococcygeal raphe revisited: a histological study using mid-term human fetuses and elderly cadavers, Yonsei Med J, vol.53, pp.849-855, 2012.

Y. Kinugasa, T. Arakawa, S. Abe, A. Ohtsuka, D. Suzuki et al.,

, Anatomical reevaluation of the anococcygeal ligament and its surgical relevance, Dis Colon Rectum, vol.54, pp.232-237

M. Kobayashi, K. Inoue, E. Warabi, T. Minami, and T. Kodama, A simple method of isolating mouse aortic endothelial cells, Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis, vol.12, pp.138-142, 2005.

A. Kokoua, Y. Homsy, J. F. Lavigne, P. Williot, J. Corcos et al., Maturation of the external urinary sphincter: a comparative histotopographic study in humans, J Urol, vol.150, pp.617-622, 1993.

K. A. Larson, A. Yousuf, C. Lewicky-gaupp, D. E. Fenner, and J. O. Delancey, Perineal body anatomy in living women: 3-dimensional analysis using thin-slice magnetic resonance imaging, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.203, pp.494-415, 2010.

P. M. Lassen, W. S. Kearse, and J. , Rectal injuries during radical perineal prostatectomy, Urology, vol.45, pp.266-269, 1995.

D. Moszkowicz, B. Alsaid, T. Bessede, M. Zaitouna, C. Penna et al., Neural supply to the clitoris: immunohistochemical study with three-dimensional reconstruction of cavernous nerve, spongious nerve, and dorsal clitoris nerve in human fetus, J Sex Med, vol.8, pp.1112-1122, 2011.

G. Murakami, F. Nakajima, T. J. Sato, M. H. Tsugane, K. Taguchi et al., Individual variations in aging of the male urethral rhabdosphincter in Japanese, Clin Anat, vol.15, pp.241-252, 2002.

S. Muro, Y. Tsukada, M. Harada, M. Ito, and K. Akita, Spatial distribution of smooth muscle tissue in the male pelvic floor with special reference to the lateral extent of the rectourethralis muscle: Application to prostatectomy and proctectomy, Clin Anat, vol.31, pp.1167-1176, 2018.

S. Muro, K. Yamaguchi, Y. Nakajima, K. Watanabe, M. Harada et al., Dynamic intersection of the longitudinal muscle and external anal sphincter in the layered structure of the anal canal posterior wall, Surg Radiol Anat : SRA, vol.36, pp.551-559, 2014.

F. Nakajima, A. Takenaka, E. Uchiyama, F. Hata, D. Suzuki et al., Macroscopic and histotopographic study of the deep transverse perineal muscle (musculus transversus perinei profundus) in elderly Japanese, Ann Anat, vol.189, pp.65-74, 2007.

N. Timoh, K. Bessede, T. Lebacle, C. Zaitouna, M. Martinovic et al., Levator ani muscle innervation: Anatomical study in human fetus, Neurourol Urodyn, vol.36, pp.1464-1471, 2017.

N. Timoh, K. Moszkowicz, D. Zaitouna, M. Lebacle, C. Martinovic et al., Detailed muscular structure and neural control anatomy of the levator ani muscle: a study based on female human fetuses, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.218, pp.121-121, 2018.

T. M. Oelrich, The urethral sphincter muscle in the male, Am J Anat, vol.158, pp.229-246, 1980.

A. Porzionato, V. Macchi, M. Gardi, A. Parenti, D. Caro et al., Histotopographic study of the rectourethralis muscle, Clin Anat, vol.18, pp.510-517, 2005.

F. Reeves, P. Preece, J. Kapoor, W. Everaerts, D. G. Murphy et al., Preservation of the neurovascular bundles is associated with improved time to continence after radical prostatectomy but not long-term continence rates: results of a systematic review and metaanalysis, Eur Urol, vol.68, pp.692-704, 2015.

P. Sebe, J. Oswald, H. Fritsch, F. Aigner, G. Bartsch et al., An embryological study of fetal development of the rectourethralis muscle--does it really exist?, J Urol, vol.173, pp.583-586, 2005.

A. Shafik, New concept of the anatomy of the anal sphincter mechanism and the physiology of defecation. II. Anatomy of the levator ani muscle with special reference to puborectalis, Invest Urol, vol.13, pp.175-182, 1975.

A. Shafik, Levator ani muscle: new physioanatomical aspects and role in the micturition mechanism, World J Urol, vol.17, pp.266-273, 1999.

G. E. Smith, Studies in the Anatomy of the Pelvis, with Special Reference to the Fasciae and Visceral Supports: Part II, J Anat Physiol, vol.42, pp.252-270, 1908.

H. Strasser, M. Ninkovic, M. Hess, G. Bartsch, and A. Stenzl, Anatomic and functional studies of the male and female urethral sphincter, World J Urol, vol.18, pp.324-329, 2000.

A. Takenaka, G. Murakami, A. Matsubara, S. H. Han, and M. Fujisawa, Variation in course of cavernous nerve with special reference to details of topographic relationships near prostatic apex: histologic study using male cadavers, Urology, vol.65, pp.136-142, 2005.

K. Uchimoto, G. Murakami, Y. Kinugasa, T. Arakawa, A. Matsubara et al., Rectourethralis muscle and pitfalls of anterior perineal dissection in abdominoperineal resection and intersphincteric resection for rectal cancer, Anat Sci Int, vol.82, pp.8-15, 2007.

M. B. Wesson, AN ANATOMICAL AND EMBRYOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE PERINEUM, Cal State J Med, vol.20, pp.269-272, 1922.

Y. Wu, N. F. Dabhoiwala, J. Hagoort, J. Hikspoors, L. W. Tan et al., Architecture of structures in the urogenital triangle of young adult males; comparison with females, J Anat, vol.233, pp.447-459, 2018.

L. D. Zhai, J. Liu, Y. S. Li, Q. T. Ma, and P. Yin, The male rectourethralis and deep transverse perineal muscles and their relationship to adjacent structures examined with successive slices of celloidinembedded pelvic viscera, Eur Urol, vol.59, pp.415-421, 2011.

, Computer-assisted anatomic dissection (CAAD) of the morphologic pelvic structure in a 23-week-old male fetus. (A) (B) Reconstruction of the SMMC (C) Reconstruction of the SMMC and levator ani muscle, vol.2

, the external anal sphincter (EAS), the levator ani muscle, the internal urethral sphincter and the prostate. (E) Right lateral view of the three-dimensional reconstruction, Reconstruction of the SMMC, the rectum, the bulbospongiosus muscle (BSM)

, Code: Endo-levator area (ENDO) and the posterior part: purple; Centro-levator area (CENTRO): light green; Infra-levator area (INFRA): light blue; Levator ani muscle (LAM): orange; External anal sphincter (EAS): dark blue; Prostate: dark red

, Accepted Article Fig 3: Serial sagittal sections of a 23-week-old male fetus (A), (B), (C), (C1), (C2) Serial sagittal section stained with anti-smooth muscle actin antibody

, Code: Centro-levator area (CENTRO): light green; Infra-levator (INFRA): light blue; Levator ani muscle (LAM): orange; External anal sphincter (EAS): dark blue; External urethral sphincter (EUS): light purple; prostate: dark red

, Accepted Article Fig 4: Serial transverse sections of a 23-week-old male fetus (A), (A bis) Transverse sections stained with anti-S100 antibody. Code : Retro-rectal nerve fibers (RETRO-RECTAL): dark purple, latero-rectal nerve fibers (LATERO-RECTAL): beige, inter-prostato-rectal nerve fibers (INTER-PROSTATO-RECTAL): purple, latero-prostatic (LATERO-PROSTATIC): orange, and antero-prostatic fibers

, Bbis) Transverse sections stained with anti-SMA antibody. Code: Endo-levator area (ENDO): purple; the Centro-levator area (CENTRO): light green

. Levator, LAM): orange; Rectum: beige; External urethral sphincter (EUS): light purple. (C) (Cbis) (D) (Dbis)Transverse sections stained with anti-S100 antibody. (D) (Dbis) are magnifications of (C) and (Cbis) respectively

, Serial sagittal sections of a 23-week-old male fetus (A) (B) (A1) (B1) Sagittal sections stained with anti-SMA antibody. Code: Endo-levator area (ENDO): purple, Code: Nerves from IHP: light yellow, perineal branches of pudendal nerve: dark green. Fig, vol.5

. Infra-levator, Internal obturator muscle (OIM) : dark brown; Bladder: yellow; Urethra (ur) : yellow

, External anal sphincter (EAS): dark blue; Prostate : dark red; Rectum: beige. (C) (C1) (D) (D1) Sagittal sections stained with anti-S100antibody

, Code : Retro-rectal nerve fibers (RETRO-RECTAL): dark purple, Latero-rectal nerve fibers (LATERO-RECTAL): beige, Inter-prostato-rectal nerve fibers (INTER-PROSTATO-RECTAL): purple, Latero-prostatic (LATERO-PROSTATIC): orange, and Antero-prostatic fibers (ANTERO-PROSTATIC): light beige. (E) (E1) Sagittal section stained with anti-PMP22 antibody

, Accepted Article (F) (F1) Sagittal section stained with anti-TH antibody. (G) (G1) Sagittal section stained with anti-NOS antibody. (H) (H1) Sagittal section stained with anti-CGRP antibody

, (A1) (B1) (C1) (D1) (E1) (F1) (G1) (H1) are magnifications of (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) (G) (H) respectively

, Black arrowheads show somatic nerves (E) (E1), autonomic sympathetic nerves (F) (F1), nitrergic nerves (G), (G1) and sensitive nerves (H)

, Computer-assisted anatomic dissection (CAAD) of the morphologic pelvic structure and the innervation in a 23 weeks-old male fetus. (A), (B) Reconstruction of the SMMC, levator ani muscle, autonomic and somatic innervation. (A) Anterior view and (B) right lateral view, vol.6

, Reconstruction of the SMMC, levator ani muscle, prostate and urethral sphincter autonomic and somatic innervation. (C) Posterior view and (D) superior view

, Code: Endo-levator area (ENDO) and the posterior part: purple; Centro-levator area (CENTRO): light green; Infra-levator area (INFRA): light blue; Levator ani muscle (LAM): orange; External anal sphincter (EAS): dark blue; Prostate: dark red

, Serial sagittal sections of a 23-week-old male fetus (A) (B) (A1) (B1) (A2) (B2) Sagittal sections stained with anti-S100 antibody. (C) (C1) (C2) Sagittal section stained with anti-PMP22 antibody. (D) (D1) (D2) Sagittal section stained with anti-TH antibody, Bulbospongiosus muscle (BSM): pink; External urethral sphincter (EUS): light purple, Pudendal nerve: green, Levator ani nerve: blue, Inferior hypogastric plexus : yellow. Fig, vol.7

, Accepted Article (F) (F1) (F2) Sagittal section stained with anti-CGRP antibody

, B1) (C1) (D1) (E1) (F1) are magnifications of (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) respectively showing the levator ani nerve

, B2) (C2) (D2) (E2) (F2) are magnifications of (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F) respectively showing the pudendal nerve

, Black arrows show somatic nerves (E) (E1), autonomic sympathetic nerves (F) (F1), nitrergic nerves (G), (G1) and sensitive nerves (H)

, Code: Levator ani muscle: orange; Rectum : beige, Pudendal nerve : blue; Levator ani nerve : green. Annex legend Annex 1: Serial transverse sections of another 23-week-old male fetus. It was scanned at an optical resolution of 4800 dpi

, Code: Internal obturator muscle (IOM): dark brown; Urethra (ur): yellow, Levator ani