F. Abaitua, F. R. Zia, M. Hollinshead, O. Hare, and P. , Polarized Cell Migration during Cell-to-Cell Transmission of Herpes Simplex Virus in Human Skin Keratinocytes, J Virol, vol.87, pp.7921-7932, 2013.

J. L. Abbate, C. L. Murall, H. Richner, and C. L. Althaus, Potential Impact of Sexual Transmission on Ebola Virus Epidemiology: Sierra Leone as a Case Study, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.10, p.4676, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01344150

S. H. Abidi, F. Bilwani, K. Ghias, and F. Abbas, Viral etiology of prostate cancer: Genetic alterations and immune response. A literature review, Int J Surg, vol.52, pp.136-140, 2018.

D. A. Adamopoulos, D. M. Lawrence, P. Vassilopoulos, P. A. Contoyiannis, and G. I. Swyer, Pituitary-testicular interrelationships in mumps orchitis and other viral infections, Br-Med-J, vol.1, pp.1177-1447, 1978.

M. Aid, P. Abbink, R. A. Larocca, M. Boyd, R. Nityanandam et al., Zika Virus Persistence in the Central Nervous System and Lymph Nodes of Rhesus Monkeys, Cell, vol.169, pp.610-620, 2017.

P. Aiewsakun and A. Katzourakis, Endogenous viruses: Connecting recent and ancient viral evolution, pp.479-480, 2015.

J. Aiman, P. F. Brenner, and P. C. Macdonald, Androgen and estrogen production in elderly men with gynecomastia and testicular atrophy after mumps orchitis, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, vol.50, pp.380-386, 1980.

G. Albero, X. Castellsagué, A. R. Giuliano, and F. X. Bosch, Male Circumcision and Genital Human Papillomavirus, Sex Transm Dis, vol.39, pp.104-113, 2012.

G. Albero, X. Castellsagué, H. Lin, W. Fulp, L. L. Villa et al., Male circumcision and the incidence and clearance of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in men: the HPV Infection in men (HIM) cohort study, BMC Infect Dis, vol.14, p.75, 2014.

A. Ahmad, M. Z. Fieni, F. Pellerin, J. L. Guiguen, F. Cherel et al., Detection of viral genomes of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) in semen and in genital tract tissues of male goat, Theriogenology, vol.69, pp.473-480, 2008.

B. A. Ali, T. H. Huang, H. H. Salem, and Q. D. Xie, Expression of hepatitis B virus genes in early embryonic cells originated from hamster ova and human spermatozoa transfected with the complete viral genome, Asian J Androl, vol.8, pp.273-279, 2006.

B. A. Ali, T. H. Huang, and Q. D. Xie, Detection and expression of hepatitis B virus X gene in one and two-cell embryos from golden hamster oocytes in vitro fertilized with human spermatozoa carrying HBV DNA

, Mol Reprod Dev, vol.70, pp.30-36, 2005.

M. B. Alikhan, V. Tesic, J. B. Taxy, and T. Antic, Cytomegalovirus Infection of Seminal Vesicles, Int J Surg Pathol, vol.24, pp.720-720, 2016.

A. Allard, B. M. Althouse, L. Hebert-dufresne, and S. V. Scarpino, The risk of sustained sexual transmission of Zika is underestimated, PLoS Pathog, vol.13, p.1006633, 2017.

S. A. Allen, A. M. Carias, M. R. Anderson, E. A. Okocha, L. Benning et al., Characterization of the Influence of Semen-Derived Enhancer of Virus Infection (SEVI) on the Interaction of HIV-1 with Female Reproductive Tract Tissues, J Virol, vol.89, pp.5569-80, 2015.

S. Alshahrani, J. Mcgill, and A. Agarwal, Prostatitis and male infertility, J Reprod Immunol, vol.100, pp.30-36, 2013.

A. Locarnini, S. Rizzetto, M. , R. Pinho, and J. R. , An update on HDV: virology, pathogenesis and treatment, Antivir Ther, vol.18, pp.541-548, 2013.

J. P. Alves-lopes and J. B. Stukenborg, Testicular organoids: a new model to study the testicular microenvironment in vitro?, Hum Reprod Updat, vol.24, pp.176-191, 2017.

D. Anderson, J. A. Politch, and J. Pudney, HIV infection and immune defense of the penis, Am J Reprod Immunol, vol.65, pp.220-229, 2011.

D. J. Anderson, Modeling mucosal cell-associated HIV type 1 transmission in vitro, J Infect Dis, vol.210, pp.648-53, 2014.

D. J. Anderson, J. A. Politch, A. M. Nadolski, C. D. Blaskewicz, J. Pudney et al., Targeting Trojan Horse leukocytes for HIV prevention, AIDS, vol.24, pp.163-187, 2010.

D. J. Anderson, J. Pudney, J. Mestecky, M. E. Lamm, W. Strober et al., Human male genital tract immunity and experimental models, Mucosal Immunology, pp.1647-1659, 2005.

G. M. Anic and A. R. Giuliano, Genital HPV infection and related lesions in men, Prev. Med. (Baltim) suppl, vol.1, pp.36-41, 2011.

C. H. Annandale, P. C. Irons, V. P. Bagla, U. I. Osuagwuh, and E. H. Venter, Sites of persistence of lumpy skin disease virus in the genital tract of experimentally infected bulls, Reprod Domest Anim, vol.45, pp.250-255, 2010.

J. Antonovics, A. J. Wilson, M. R. Forbes, H. C. Hauffe, E. R. Kallio et al., Okamura Etiologies of Nongonococcal Urethritis: Bacteria, Viruses, and the Association with Orogenital Exposure, J Infect Dis, vol.193, pp.336-345, 2006.

D. Bradshaw, F. Lamoury, B. Catlett, T. L. Applegate, J. Mcallister et al., A comparison of seminal hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels during recent and chronic HCV infection in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals, J Infect Dis, vol.211, pp.736-743, 2015.

U. Braun, S. Frei, M. Schweizer, R. Zanoni, and J. F. , Short communication: Transmission of border disease virus to seronegative cows inseminated with infected semen, Res Vet Sci, vol.100, pp.297-298, 2015.

A. Briat, E. Dulioust, J. Galimand, H. Fontaine, M. L. Chaix et al., Hepatitis C virus in the semen of men coinfected with HIV-1: prevalence and origin, Aids, vol.19, pp.1827-1835, 2005.

C. Brito, A. Henriques-souza, C. Soares, P. Castanha, L. C. Machado et al., Persistent detection of Zika virus RNA from an infant with severe microcephaly -a case report, BMC Infect Dis, vol.18, p.388, 2018.

B. W. Brodersen, P. D. Brown-woodman, E. J. Post, G. C. Gass, and I. G. White, Bovine viral diarrhea virus infections: manifestations of infection and recent advances in understanding pathogenesis and control, Arch Androl, vol.51, pp.9-15, 1984.

J. A. Browne, S. H. Leir, S. E. Eggener, and A. Harris, Region-specific innate antiviral responses of the human epididymis, Mol Cell Endocrinol, vol.473, pp.72-78, 2018.

J. A. Browne, R. Yang, S. Leir, S. E. Eggener, and A. Harris, Expression profiles of human epididymis epithelial cells reveal the functional diversity of caput, corpus and cauda regions, Mol Hum Reprod, vol.22, pp.69-82, 2016.

S. A. Buechner, Common skin disorders of the penis, BJU Int, vol.90, pp.498-506, 2002.

L. Bujan, M. Daudin, T. Matsuda, L. Righi, L. Thauvin et al., Factors of intermittent HIV-1 excretion in semen and efficiency of sperm processing in obtaining spermatozoa without HIV-1 genomes, AIDS, vol.18, pp.757-66, 2004.

A. Burgener, I. Mcgowan, and N. R. Klatt, HIV and mucosal barrier interactions: consequences for transmission and pathogenesis, Curr Opin Immunol, vol.36, pp.22-30, 2015.

J. Bwogi, F. Braka, I. Makumbi, V. Mishra, B. Bakamutumaho et al., Hepatitis B infection is highly endemic in Uganda: findings from a national serosurvey, Afr Health Sci, vol.9, pp.98-108, 2009.

J. H. Calkins, M. M. Sigel, H. R. Nankin, and T. Lin, Interleukin-1 inhibits Leydig cell steroidogenesis in primary culture, Endocrinology, vol.123, pp.1605-1610, 1988.

C. Camus, G. Matusali, O. Bourry, D. Mahe, A. F. Bujan et al., Comparison of the effect of semen from HIV-infected and uninfected men on CD4+ T-cell infection, AIDS, vol.30, pp.1197-208, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01274885

G. Capra, A. G. Nyitray, B. Lu, A. Perino, R. Marci et al., Analysis of persistence of human papillomavirus infection in men evaluated by sampling multiple genital sites, Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, vol.19, pp.4153-4163, 2015.

L. Caputo, S. Trabattoni, D. Vichi, F. Piconi, S. Lopalco et al., Mucosal and systemic HIV-1-specific immunity in HIV-1-exposed but uninfected heterosexual men, AIDS, vol.17, pp.531-540, 2003.

M. Carossino, A. T. Loynachan, I. F. Canisso, R. F. Cook, J. R. Campos et al., Equine Arteritis Virus Has Specific Tropism for Stromal Cells and CD8+ T and CD21+ B Lymphocytes but Not for Glandular Epithelium at the Primary Site of Persistent Infection in the Stallion Reproductive Tract, J Virol, vol.91, pp.418-435, 2017.

A. Ceballos, R. Lenicov, F. Sabatte, J. , R. Rodrigues et al., Spermatozoa capture HIV-1 through heparan sulfate and efficiently transmit the virus to dendritic cells, J Exp Med, vol.206, pp.2717-2733, 2009.

C. Celebi, T. Guillaudeux, P. Auvray, V. Vallet-erdtmann, and B. Je?gou, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). STD Fact herpes, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). STD Facts HPV, vol.68, pp.1477-1483, 2003.

Y. M. Centifanto, D. M. Drylie, S. L. Deardourff, and H. E. Kaufman, Herpesvirus Type 2 in the Male Genitourinary Tract, Science, vol.178, pp.318-319, 1971.

Y. M. Centifanto, D. M. Drylie, S. L. Deardourff, and H. E. Kaufman, Herpesvirus type 2 in the male genitourinary tract, Science, vol.178, issue.80, pp.318-319, 1972.

Y. M. Centifanto and H. E. Kaufman, In vitro transformation by HSV-2 from a human prostatic carcinoma, IARC Sci Publ, vol.11, pp.195-197, 1975.

J. Chan, A. J. Zhang, C. Chan, C. Yip, W. Mak et al., Zika Virus Infection in Dexamethasone-immunosuppressed Mice Demonstrating Disseminated Infection with Multi-organ Involvement Including Orchitis Effectively Treated by Recombinant Type I Interferons, EBioMedicine, vol.14, pp.112-122, 2016.

C. Charlier, M. Beaudoin, T. Couderc, O. Lortholary, and M. Lecuit, Arboviruses and pregnancy: maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects, Lancet Child Adolesc Heal, vol.1, pp.134-146, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-02320400

C. Chen, P. Chang, W. Lin, Y. Huang, and D. Ho, Evidences of the inflammasome pathway in chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome in an animal model, Prostate, vol.73, pp.391-398, 2013.

J. C. Chen, B. A. Johnson, D. W. Erikson, T. T. Piltonen, F. Barragan et al., Seminal plasma induces global transcriptomic changes associated with cell migration, proliferation and viability in endometrial epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts, Hum Reprod, vol.29, pp.1255-70, 2014.

Q. Chen, T. Deng, and D. Han, Testicular immunoregulation and spermatogenesis, Semin Cell Dev Biol, vol.59, pp.157-165, 2016.

Y. Chen and J. Wei, Identification of Pathogen Signatures in Prostate Cancer Using RNA-seq, PLoS One, vol.10, p.128955, 2015.

Z. Chen, R. Desalle, M. Schiffman, R. Herrero, C. E. Wood et al., Niche adaptation and viral transmission of human papillomaviruses from archaic hominins to modern humans, PLoS Pathog, vol.14, p.1007352, 2018.

X. Cheng, H. Dai, N. Wan, Y. Moore, R. Vankayalapati et al., Interaction of programmed death-1 and programmed death-1 ligand-1 contributes to testicular immune privilege, Transplantation, vol.87, pp.1778-1786, 2009.

A. Cheret, C. Durier, A. Melard, M. Ploquin, J. Heitzmann et al., Impact of early cART on HIV blood and semen compartments at the time of primary infection, PLoS One, vol.12, p.180191, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01579543

H. W. Chesson, E. F. Dunne, S. Hariri, and L. E. Markowitz, The Estimated Lifetime Probability of Acquiring Human Papillomavirus in the United States, Sex Transm Dis, vol.41, pp.660-664, 2014.

W. Y. Cheung, A. C. Chan, S. L. Loke, G. Srivastava, S. Pittaluga et al., Latent sites of Epstein-Barr virus infection, Am J Clin Pathol, vol.100, pp.502-506, 1993.

C. Choi and C. Chae, Localization of classical swine fever virus in male gonads during subclinical infection, J Gen Virol, vol.83, pp.2717-2721, 2002.

C. Choi and C. Chae, Detection of classical swine fever virus in boar semen by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction, J Vet Diagn Invest, vol.15, pp.35-41, 2003.

J. Christopher-hennings, E. A. Nelson, R. J. Hines, J. K. Nelson, S. L. Swenson et al., Persistence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in serum and semen of adult boars, J Vet Diagn Invest, vol.7, pp.456-464, 1995.

C. S. Clancy, A. J. Van-wettere, V. Siddharthan, J. D. Morrey, and J. G. Julander, Comparative Histopathologic Lesions of the Male Reproductive Tract during Acute Infection of Zika Virus in AG129 and Ifnar À/À Mice, Am J Pathol, vol.188, pp.904-915, 2018.

K. M. Coffin, J. Liu, T. K. Warren, C. D. Blancett, K. A. Kuehl et al., Persistent Marburg Virus Infection in the Testes of Nonhuman Primate Survivors, Cell Host Microbe, vol.24, pp.405-416, 2018.

M. Comar, N. Zanotta, E. Croci, I. Murru, R. Marci et al., Association between the JC polyomavirus infection and male infertility, PLoS One, vol.7, pp.4-9, 2012.

B. M. Connolly, K. E. Steele, K. J. Davis, T. W. Geisbert, W. M. Kell et al., Pathogenesis of experimental Ebola virus infection in guinea pigs, J Infect Dis, vol.179, pp.203-220, 1999.

R. W. Coombs, D. Lockhart, S. O. Ross, L. Deutsch, J. Dragavon et al., regulation of 2'5' oligoadenylate synthetase, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, and Mx proteins in the rat seminiferous tubule, J Cell Biol, vol.139, pp.865-873, 1997.

N. Dejucq, I. Dugast, A. Ruffault, P. H. Van-der-meide, and B. Jegou, Interferon-alpha and -gamma expression in the rat testis, Endocrinology, vol.136, pp.4925-4931, 1995.

N. Dejucq and B. Jegou, Viruses in the mammalian male genital tract and their effects on the reproductive system, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, vol.65, pp.208-231, 2001.

N. Dejucq, M. O. Liénard, G. E. Dorval, I. Jégou, and B. , Expression of interferons-alpha and gamma in testicular interstitial tissue and spermatogonia of the rat, Endocrinology, vol.139, pp.3081-3087, 1998.

N. Dejucq, M. O. Lienard, and B. Jégou, Interferons and interferon -induced antiviral proteins in the testis, J Reprod Immunol, vol.41, pp.291-300, 1998.

C. Deleage, M. Moreau, N. Rioux-leclercq, A. Ruffault, B. Jegou et al., Human immunodeficiency virus infects human seminal vesicles in vitro and in vivo, Am J Pathol, vol.179, pp.2397-2408, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00626549

F. C. Denison, A. A. Calder, and R. W. Kelly, The action of prostaglandin E2 on the human cervix: stimulation of interleukin 8 and inhibition of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol.180, pp.614-634, 1999.

F. A. Deture, D. M. Drylie, H. E. Kaufman, and Y. N. Centifanto, Herpesvirus type 2: Isolation from seminal vesicle and testes, Urology, vol.7, pp.541-544, 1976.

B. Diallo, D. Sissoko, N. J. Loman, H. A. Bah, H. Bah et al., Resurgence of Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea Linked to a Survivor With Virus Persistence in Seminal Fluid for More Than 500 Days, Clin Infect Dis, vol.63, pp.1353-1356, 2016.

F. Dimitriadis, C. Tsiampali, N. Chaliasos, P. Tsounapi, A. Takenaka et al., The Sertoli cell as the orchestra conductor of spermatogenesis: spermatogenic cells dance to the tune of testosterone, Hormones (Athens), vol.14, pp.479-503, 2015.

M. H. Dinh, M. R. Anderson, M. D. Mcraven, G. C. Cianci, S. G. Mccoombe et al., Visualization of HIV-1 Interactions with Penile and Foreskin Epithelia: Clues for Female-to-Male HIV Transmission, PLOS Pathog, vol.11, p.1004729, 2015.

G. J. Diorio and A. R. Giuliano, The Role of Human Papilloma Virus in Penile Carcinogenesis and Preneoplastic Lesions, Urol Clin North Am, vol.43, pp.419-425, 2016.

E. S. Van-dis, T. C. Moore, K. J. Lavender, R. J. Messer, O. T. Keppler et al., No SEVI-mediated enhancement of rectal HIV-1 transmission of HIV-1 in two humanized mouse cohorts, Virology, vol.488, pp.88-95, 2016.

T. C. Diss, L. X. Pan, M. Q. Du, H. Z. Peng, and J. R. Kerr, Parvovirus B19 is associated with benign testes as well as testicular germ cell tumours, Mol Pathol, vol.52, pp.349-352, 1999.

G. R. Dohle, Inflammatory-associated obstructions of the male reproductive tract, Andrologia, vol.35, pp.321-325, 2003.

S. D. Dowall, V. A. Graham, E. Rayner, L. Hunter, B. Atkinson et al., Lineage-dependent differences in the disease progression of Zika virus infection in type-I interferon receptor knockout (A129) mice, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.11, p.5704, 2017.

R. F. Downey, F. J. Sullivan, W. , F. Ambs, S. Giles et al., Human endogenous retrovirus K and cancer: Innocent bystander or tumorigenic accomplice?, Int J Cancer, vol.137, pp.1249-1257, 2015.

Y. Duan, P. Wang, W. Zheng, Q. Zhang, W. Huang et al., Characterisation of dendritic cell subsets in chronically inflamed human epididymis, Andrologia, vol.48, pp.431-440, 2016.

J. P. Dubaut, S. Gurung, M. R. Trammell, D. Myers, D. Reuter et al., Semen parameters during ZIKA virus infection in the olive baboon (Papio anubis), Fertil Steril, vol.108, pp.52-53, 2017.

N. K. Duggal and M. Emerman, Evolutionary conflicts between viruses and restriction factors shape immunity, Nat Rev Immunol, vol.12, pp.687-95, 2012.

N. K. Duggal, E. M. Mcdonald, J. M. Ritter, and A. C. Brault, Sexual transmission of Zika virus enhances in utero transmission in a mouse model, Sci Rep, vol.8, p.4510, 2018.

N. K. Duggal, J. M. Ritter, S. E. Pestorius, S. R. Zaki, B. S. Davis et al., Frequent Zika Virus Sexual Transmission and Prolonged Viral RNA Shedding in an Immunodeficient Mouse Model, Cell Rep, vol.18, pp.1751-1760, 2017.

E. F. Dunne, C. M. Nielson, K. M. Stone, L. E. Markowitz, and A. R. Giuliano, Prevalence of HPV Infection among Men: A Systematic Review of the Literature, J Infect Dis, vol.194, pp.1044-1057, 2006.

A. Dupressoir, C. Lavialle, and T. Heidmann, From ancestral infectious retroviruses to bona fide cellular Sci, vol.113, pp.5364-5369, 2016.

C. Feschotte and C. Gilbert, Endogenous viruses: insights into viral evolution and impact on host biology, Nat Rev Genet, vol.13, pp.283-296, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00679842

M. Fijak, L. Damm, J. Wenzel, F. Aslani, M. Walecki et al., Influence of Testosterone on Inflammatory Response in Testicular Cells and Expression of Transcription Factor Foxp3 in T Cells, Am J Reprod Immunol, vol.74, pp.12-25, 2015.

M. Fijak, A. Pilatz, M. P. Hedger, N. Nicolas, S. Bhushan et al., Infectious, inflammatory and "autoimmune" male factor infertility: how do rodent models inform clinical practice?, Hum Reprod Update, vol.24, pp.416-441, 2018.

M. Fijak, E. Schneider, J. Klug, S. Bhushan, H. Hackstein et al., Testosterone replacement effectively inhibits the development of experimental autoimmune orchitis in rats: evidence for a direct role of testosterone on regulatory T cell expansion, J Immunol, vol.186, pp.5162-72, 2011.

W. A. Fischer, J. Brown, D. A. Wohl, A. J. Loftis, S. Tozay et al., Ebola Virus Ribonucleic Acid Detection in Semen More Than Two Years After Resolution of Acute Ebola Virus Infection, Open forum Infect Dis, vol.4, p.155, 2017.

L. Fischetti, S. M. Barry, T. J. Hope, and R. J. Shattock, HIV-1 infection of human penile explant tissue and protection by candidate microbicides, AIDS, vol.23, pp.319-328, 2009.

A. Fontaine, F. De-laval, D. Belleoud, S. Briolant, and S. Matheus, Duration of Zika Viremia in Serum, Clin Infect Dis, vol.67, pp.1143-1144, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02004010

C. Foresta, A. Garolla, S. Parisi, M. Ghezzi, A. Bertoldo et al., HPV prophylactic vaccination in males improves the clearance of semen infection, EBioMedicine, vol.2, pp.1487-93, 2015.

C. Foresta, M. Noventa, D. Toni, L. Gizzo, S. Garolla et al., HPV-DNA sperm infection and infertility: From a systematic literature review to a possible clinical management proposal, Andrology, vol.3, pp.163-173, 2015.

C. Foresta, C. Patassini, A. Bertoldo, M. Menegazzo, F. Francavilla et al., Mechanism of human papillomavirus binding to human spermatozoa and fertilizing ability of infected spermatozoa, PLoS One, vol.6, p.15036, 2011.

L. M. Foulds, R. I. Boysen, M. Crane, Y. Yang, J. A. Muir et al., Molecular Identification of Lyso-Glycerophosphocholines as Endogenous Immunosuppressives in Bovine and Rat Gonadal Fluids1, Biol Reprod, vol.79, pp.525-536, 2008.

C. Frapsauce, S. Grabar, M. Leruez-ville, O. Launay, P. Sogni et al., Impaired sperm motility in HIV-infected men: an unexpected adverse effect of efavirenz?, Hum Reprod, vol.30, pp.1797-1806, 2015.

G. Froeschl, K. Huber, V. Sonnenburg, F. Nothdurft, H. Bretzel et al., Long-term kinetics of Zika virus RNA and antibodies in body fluids of a vasectomized traveller returning from Martinique: a case report, BMC Infect Dis, vol.17, p.55, 2017.

J. Frouard, L. Tortorec, A. Dejucq-rainsford, and N. , In vitro models for deciphering the mechanisms underlying the sexual transmission of viruses at the mucosal level, Virology, vol.515, pp.1-10, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01663650

K. Fujino, M. Horie, T. Honda, D. K. Merriman, and K. Tomonaga, Inhibition of Borna disease virus replication by an endogenous bornavirus-like element in the ground squirrel genome, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.111, pp.13175-13180, 2014.

N. Futsch, G. Prates, R. Mahieux, J. Casseb, and H. Dutartre, Cytokine Networks Dysregulation during HTLV-1 Infection and Associated Diseases, Viruses, vol.10, p.691, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02459178

S. Gallien, A. Moro, G. Lediguerher, V. Catinot, F. Paboeuf et al., Evidence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) shedding in semen from infected specific pathogen-free boars, Vet Res, vol.49, issue.7, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01693176

Y. Ganor, F. Real, A. Sennepin, C. Dutertre, L. Prevedel et al., HIV-1 reservoirs in urethral macrophages of patients under suppressive antiretroviral therapy, Nat Microbiol, vol.4, pp.633-644, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02348187

Y. Ganor, Z. Zhou, J. Bodo, D. Tudor, J. Leibowitch et al., The adult penile urethra is a novel entry site for HIV-1 that preferentially targets resident urethral macrophages, Mucosal Immunol, vol.6, pp.776-786, 2013.

Y. Ganor, Z. Zhou, D. Tudor, A. Schmitt, M. C. Vacher-lavenu et al., Within 1 h, HIV-1 uses viral synapses to enter efficiently the inner, but not outer, foreskin mucosa and engages Langerhans-T cell conjugates, Mucosal Immunol, vol.3, pp.506-522, 2010.

P. Gantner, L. Assoumou, M. Leruez-ville, L. David, M. Suzan-monti et al., HIV-1-RNA in seminal plasma correlates with detection of HIV-1-DNA in semen cells, but not with CMV shedding, among MSM on successful antiretroviral regimens, J Antimicrob Chemother, vol.71, pp.3202-3205, 2016.

D. Gao, Y. Lou, D. He, T. C. Porco, Y. Kuang et al., Prevention and Control of Zika as a Mosquito-Borne and Sexually Transmitted Disease: A, Mathematical Modeling Analysis. Sci Rep, vol.6, p.28070, 2016.

J. Gao, X. Wang, Y. Wang, F. Han, W. Cai et al., Murine Sertoli cells promote the development of tolerogenic dendritic cells: a pivotal role of galectin-1, Immunology, vol.148, pp.253-65, 2016.

D. A. Garber, J. Mitchell, D. Adams, P. Guenthner, F. Deyounks et al., Development of a repeat-exposure penile SHIV infection model in macaques to evaluate biomedical preventions against HIV, PLoS One, vol.13, p.194837, 2018.

S. García-bujalance, A. Gutiérrez-arroyo, F. De-la-calle, M. Díaz-menéndez, J. R. Arribas et al., Persistence and infectivity of Zika virus in semen after returning from endemic areas: Report of 5 cases, J Clin Virol, vol.96, pp.110-115, 2017.

A. C. Gardiner and R. M. Barlow, Vertical transmission of Border disease infection, J Comp Pathol, vol.91, pp.467-470, 1981.

A. Garolla, B. Engl, D. Pizzol, M. Ghezzi, A. Bertoldo et al., Spontaneous fertility and in vitro fertilization outcome: New evidence of human papillomavirus sperm infection, Fertil Steril, vol.105, pp.65-72, 2016.

A. Garolla, D. Pizzol, A. Bertoldo, M. Menegazzo, L. Barzon et al., Sperm viral infection and male infertility: focus on HBV, vol.100, pp.20-29, 2013.

A. Garolla, D. Pizzol, A. Bertoldo, D. Toni, L. Barzon et al., Association, prevalence, and clearance of human papillomavirus and antisperm antibodies in infected semen samples from infertile patients, Fertil Steril, vol.99, pp.125-131, 2013.

A. Garolla, L. De-toni, A. Bottacin, U. Valente, M. De-rocco-ponce et al., Human Papillomavirus Prophylactic Vaccination improves reproductive outcome in infertile patients with HPV semen infection: a retrospective study, Sci Rep, vol.8, p.912, 2018.

N. Garrido, M. Meseguer, J. Remohi, C. Simon, and A. Pellicer, Semen characteristics in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-and hepatitis C (HCV)-seropositive males: predictors of the success of viral removal after sperm washing, Hum Reprod, vol.20, pp.1028-1034, 2005.

G. Gatti, A. A. Quintar, V. Andreani, J. P. Nicola, C. A. Maldonado et al., Expression of toll-like receptor 4 in the prostate gland and its association with the severity of prostate cancer, Prostate, vol.69, pp.1387-1397, 2009.

G. Gatti, V. Rivero, R. D. Motrich, and M. Maccioni, Prostate epithelial cells can act as early sensors of infection by up-regulating TLR4 expression and proinflammatory mediators upon LPS stimulation, J Leukoc Biol, vol.79, pp.989-998, 2006.

D. Gava, C. K. Souza, R. Schaefer, A. L. Vincent, M. E. Cantao et al., A TaqMan-based real-time PCR for detection and quantification of porcine parvovirus 4, J Virol Methods, vol.219, pp.14-17, 2015.

T. Gebhardt, S. N. Mueller, W. R. Heath, and F. R. Carbone, Peripheral tissue surveillance and residency by memory T cells, Trends Immunol, vol.34, pp.27-32, 2013.

I. Gentile and G. Borgia, Vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus: challenges and solutions, Int J Womens Heal, vol.6, pp.605-611, 2014.

I. Gerendai, I. E. Tóth, Z. Boldogkoi, I. Medveczky, and B. Halász, Central nervous system structures labelled from the testis using the transsynaptic viral tracing technique, J Neuroendocrinol, vol.12, pp.1087-95, 2000.

I. Gerendai, I. E. Tóth, K. Kocsis, Z. Boldogk?i, M. Rusvai et al., Identification of CNS neurons involved in the innervation of the epididymis: a viral transneuronal tracing study, Auton Neurosci, vol.92, pp.1-10, 2001.

I. Gerendai, O. Wiesel, I. E. Tóth, Z. S. Boldogkõi, M. Rusvai et al., Identification of neurones of the brain and spinal cord involved in the innervation of the ductus deferens using the viral tracing method

, Int J Androl, vol.26, pp.91-100, 2003.

A. Gessain and O. Cassar, Epidemiological Aspects and World Distribution of HTLV-1 Infection, Front Microbiol, vol.3, p.388, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01370951

J. Ghosn, M. Leruez-ville, J. Blanche, A. Delobelle, C. Beaudoux et al., HIV-1 DNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cannabis use are associated with intermittent HIV shedding in semen of men who have sex with men on successful antiretroviral regimens, Clin Infect Dis, vol.58, pp.1763-1770, 2014.

S. Gianella, C. M. Anderson, M. Vargas, D. D. Richman, S. J. Little et al., Cytomegalovirus DNA in semen and blood is associated with higher levels of proviral HIV DNA, J Infect Dis, vol.207, pp.898-902, 2013.

S. Gianella, M. Massanella, D. D. Richman, S. J. Little, C. A. Spina et al., Cytomegalovirus replication in semen is associated with higher levels of proviral HIV DNA and CD4+ T cell activation during antiretroviral treatment, J Virol, vol.88, pp.7818-7827, 2014.

S. Gianella, S. R. Mehta, M. C. Strain, J. A. Young, M. Vargas et al., Impact of seminal cytomegalovirus replication on HIV-1 dynamics between blood and semen, J Med Virol, vol.84, pp.1703-1709, 2012.

S. Gianella, S. R. Morris, C. Anderson, C. A. Spina, M. Vargas et al., Herpes viruses and HIV-1 drug resistance mutations influence the virologic and immunologic milieu of the male genital tract, Aids, vol.27, pp.39-47, 2013.

S. Gianella, S. R. Morris, M. Vargas, J. A. Young, B. Callahan et al., Role of seminal shedding of herpesviruses in HIV Type 1 Transmission, J Infect Dis, vol.207, pp.257-261, 2013.

S. Gianella, D. M. Smith, M. Vargas, S. J. Little, D. D. Richman et al., Shedding of HIV and Human Herpesviruses in the Semen of Effectively Treated HIV-1-Infected Men Who Have Sex With Men, Clin Infect Dis, vol.57, pp.441-447, 2013.

S. Gianella, M. C. Strain, S. E. Rought, M. Vargas, S. J. Little et al., Associations between virologic and immunologic dynamics in blood and in the male genital tract, J Virol, vol.86, pp.1307-1315, 2012.

R. J. Gifford, A. Katzourakis, M. Tristem, O. G. Pybus, M. Winters et al., A transitional endogenous lentivirus from the genome of a basal primate and implications for lentivirus evolution, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.105, pp.20362-20367, 2008.

C. Gilbert, D. G. Maxfield, S. M. Goodman, and C. Feschotte, Parallel germline infiltration of a lentivirus in two Malagasy lemurs, PLoS Genet, vol.5, p.1000425, 2009.

F. Gimenes, R. P. Souza, J. C. Bento, J. V. Teixeira, S. S. Maria-engler et al., Male infertility: a public health issue caused by sexually transmitted pathogens, Nat Rev Urol, vol.11, pp.672-687, 2014.

R. Giordano, A. R. Magnano, G. Zaccagnini, C. Pittoggi, N. Moscufo et al., Reverse transcriptase activity in mature spermatozoa of mouse, J Cell Biol, vol.148, pp.1107-1120, 2000.

M. Giuliani, G. Rezza, A. C. Lepri, D. Carlo, A. Maini et al., Risk factors for HTLV-I and II in individuals attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases, Sex Transm Dis, vol.27, pp.87-92, 2000.

A. R. Giuliano, B. Lu, C. M. Nielson, R. Flores, M. R. Papenfuss et al., Age-Specific Prevalence, Incidence, and Duration of Human Papillomavirus Infections in a Cohort of 290 US Men, J Infect Dis, vol.198, pp.827-835, 2008.

M. D. Givens, Review: Risks of disease transmission through semen in cattle, Animal, vol.12, pp.165-171, 2018.

M. D. Givens and M. S. Marley, Pathogens that cause infertility of bulls or transmission via semen, Theriogenology, vol.70, pp.504-507, 2008.

W. K. Glenn, C. C. Ngan, T. G. Amos, R. J. Edwards, J. Swift et al., High risk human papilloma viruses (HPVs) are present in benign prostate tissues before development of HPV associated prostate cancer, Infect Agent Cancer, vol.12, p.46, 2017.

, Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, JAMA Oncol, vol.4, p.1553, 1990.

W. Goering, T. Ribarska, and W. A. Schulz, Selective changes of retroelement expression in human prostate cancer, Carcinogenesis, vol.32, pp.1484-1492, 2011.

W. Goering, K. Schmitt, M. Dostert, H. Schaal, R. Deenen et al., Human endogenous retrovirus HERV-K(HML-2) activity in prostate cancer is dominated by a few loci, Prostate, vol.75, pp.1958-71, 2015.

L. Goffic, R. Mouchel, T. , A. F. Patard, J. Ruffault et al., Production of the chemokines monocyte chemotactic protein-1, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted protein, growth-related oncogene, and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 is induced by the Sendai virus in human and rat testicular cells, Endocrinology, vol.143, pp.1434-1474, 2002.

L. Goffic, R. Mouchel, T. Ruffault, A. Patard, J. Jégou et al., Mumps virus decreases testosterone production and gamma interferon-induced protein 10 secretion by human leydig cells, J Virol, vol.77, pp.3297-300, 2003.

S. M. Gonzalez, W. Aguilar-jimenez, R. Su, and M. T. Rugeles, Mucosa: Key Interactions Determining Sexual Transmission of the HIV Infection, Front Immunol, vol.10, p.144, 2019.

E. Gotuzzo, J. Sánchez, J. Escamilla, C. Carrillo, I. A. Phillips et al., Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I infection among female sex workers in Peru, J Infect Dis, vol.169, pp.754-763, 1994.

J. Govero, P. Esakky, S. M. Scheaffer, E. Fernandez, A. Drury et al., Zika virus infection damages the testes in mice, Nature, vol.540, pp.438-442, 2016.

C. Gradil, T. Molitor, M. Harding, and B. Crabo, Excretion of porcine parvovirus through the genital tract of boars, Am J Vet Res, vol.51, pp.359-362, 1990.

N. Grandi and E. Tramontano, HERV Envelope Proteins: Physiological Role and Pathogenic Potential in Cancer and Autoimmunity, Front Microbiol, vol.9, p.462, 2018.

B. Grasland, P. Blanchard, A. Keranflec'h, L. Bigault, A. Oger et al., Evaluation of the transmission of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) genogroups a and b with semen from infected specific-pathogen-free boars, Vet Microbiol, vol.162, pp.381-387, 2013.

A. Gray, L. Guillou, J. Zufferey, F. Rey, A. M. Kurt et al., Persistence of parvovirus B19 DNA in testis of patients with testicular germ cell tumours, J-Gen-Virol, vol.79, pp.573-579, 1998.

R. H. Gray, G. Kigozi, D. Serwadda, F. Makumbi, S. Watya et al., Male circumcision for HIV prevention in men in Rakai, Uganda: a randomised trial, Lancet, vol.369, pp.657-66, 2007.

R. H. Gray, D. Serwadda, X. Kong, F. Makumbi, G. Kigozi et al., Male Circumcision Decreases Acquisition and Increases Clearance of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus in HIV-Negative Men: A Randomized Trial in Rakai, J Infect Dis, vol.201, pp.1455-1462, 2010.

G. Greco, S. Pal, R. Pasqualini, and L. M. Schnapp, Matrix fibronectin increases HIV stability and infectivity, J Immunol, vol.168, pp.5722-5731, 2002.

E. Grego, R. Reina, S. Lanfredini, M. Tursi, A. Favole et al., Viral load, tissue distribution and histopathological lesions in goats naturally and experimentally infected with the Small Ruminant Lentivirus Genotype E (subtype E1 Roccaverano strain), Res Vet Sci, vol.118, pp.107-114, 2018.

S. Gribencha, E. E. Bragina, R. A. Abdumalikov, E. N. Bocharova, and L. F. Kurilo, Detection of type 2 herpes simplex virus in cells of spermatogenic epithelium in infected testes of guinea pigs, Bull Exp Biol Med, vol.144, pp.73-79, 2007.

B. D. Griffin, K. Muthumani, B. M. Warner, A. Majer, M. Hagan et al., DNA vaccination protects mice against Zika virus-induced damage to the testes, Nat Commun, vol.8, p.15743, 2017.

D. J. Griffiths, Endogenous retroviruses in the human genome sequence, Genome Biol, vol.2, pp.1-5, 2001.

S. Grinstein, M. V. Preciado, P. Gattuso, P. A. Chabay, W. H. Warren et al., Demonstration of Epstein-Barr Virus in Carcinomas of Various Sites, CANCER Res, vol.62, pp.4876-4878, 2002.

L. Grosche, M. Kummer, and A. Steinkasserer, What Goes Around, Comes Around -HSV-1 Replication in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells, Front Microbiol, vol.8, p.2149, 2017.

T. Group, A Longitudinal Study of Ebola Sequelae in Liberia, N Engl J Med, vol.380, pp.924-934, 2019.

E. J. Grow, R. A. Flynn, S. L. Chavez, N. L. Bayless, M. Wossidlo et al., Intrinsic retroviral reactivation in human preimplantation embryos and pluripotent cells, Nature, vol.522, pp.221-226, 2015.

V. A. Guazzone, Exploring the role of antigen presenting cells in male genital tract, Andrologia, vol.50, p.13120, 2018.

G. Drevet and J. , The immunobiology of the mammalian epididymis: the black box is now open, Basic Clin Androl, vol.23, pp.1-10, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00879088

P. Gupta, C. Leroux, B. K. Patterson, L. Kingsley, C. Rinaldo et al., , vol.52, pp.812-816, 2010.

B. Hoffmann, C. Schulz, and M. Beer, First detection of Schmallenberg virus RNA in bovine semen, Vet Microbiol, vol.167, pp.289-295, 2012.

A. Hollmann, M. Castanho, B. Lee, and N. C. Santos, Singlet oxygen effects on lipid membranes: implications for the mechanism of action of broad-spectrum viral fusion inhibitors, Biochem J, vol.459, pp.161-70, 2014.

M. K. Holly, K. Diaz, and J. G. Smith, Defensins in Viral Infection and Pathogenesis, Annu Rev Virol, vol.4, pp.369-391, 2017.

E. C. Holmes, The Evolution of Endogenous Viral Elements, Cell Host Microbe, vol.10, pp.368-377, 2011.

G. R. Holyoak, R. C. Giles, W. H. Mccollum, T. Little, and P. J. Timoney, Pathological changes associated with equine arteritis virus infection of the reproductive tract in prepubertal and peripubertal colts, J Comp Pathol, vol.109, pp.281-293, 1993.

C. L. Holz, D. G. Sledge, M. Kiupel, R. K. Nelli, L. S. Goehring et al., Histopathologic Findings Following Experimental Equine Herpesvirus 1 Infection of Horses, Front Vet Sci, vol.6, p.59, 2019.

T. Honda and K. Tomonaga, Endogenous non-retroviral RNA virus elements evidence a novel type of antiviral immunity, Mob. Genet. Elements, vol.6, p.1165785, 2016.

M. Hong, E. Sandalova, D. Low, A. J. Gehring, S. Fieni et al., Trained immunity in newborn infants of HBV-infected mothers, Nat Commun, vol.6, p.6588, 2015.

M. Horie, T. Honda, Y. Suzuki, Y. Kobayashi, T. Daito et al., Endogenous non-retroviral RNA virus elements in mammalian genomes, Nature, vol.463, pp.84-87, 2010.

L. Houzet, G. Matusali, and N. Dejucq-rainsford, Origins of HIV-infected leukocytes and virions in semen, J Infect Dis, vol.210, pp.622-652, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01121761

L. Houzet, M. Pérez-losada, G. Matusali, C. Deleage, N. Dereuddre-bosquet et al., Seminal Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Chronically Infected Cynomolgus Macaques Is Dominated by Virus Originating from Multiple Genital Organs, J Virol, vol.92, pp.133-151, 2018.

C. R. Howard and N. F. Fletcher, Emerging virus diseases: can we ever expect the unexpected?, Emerg Microbes Infect, vol.1, p.46, 2012.

J. Hrbacek, M. Urban, E. Hamsikova, R. Tachezy, and J. Heracek, Thirty years of research on infection and prostate cancer: No conclusive evidence for a link. A systematic review, Urol Oncol Semin Orig Investig, vol.31, pp.951-965, 2013.

J. Hu, D. Song, G. Luo, S. Xu, Y. Cao et al., Activation of Toll like receptor 3 induces spermatogonial stem cell apoptosis, Cell Biochem Funct, vol.33, pp.415-435, 2015.

F. Huang, F. Long, W. Yu, J. Situ, L. Fu et al., High prevalence of hepatitis E virus in semen of infertile male and causes testis damage, Gut, vol.67, pp.1199-1201, 2018.

J. Huang, T. Huang, H. Qiu, X. Fang, T. Zhuang et al., Effects of hepatitis B virus infection on human sperm chromosomes, World J Gastroenterol, vol.9, pp.736-776, 2003.

J. H. Huang, Y. Zhong, X. W. Fang, Q. D. Xie, X. J. Kang et al., Hepatitis B Virus S Protein Enhances Sperm Apoptosis and Reduces Sperm Fertilizing Capacity In Vitro, PLoS One, vol.8, pp.1-8, 2013.

W. Huang, R. Hayes, R. Pfeiffer, R. P. Viscidi, F. K. Lee et al., Sexually Transmissible Infections and Prostate Cancer Risk, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, vol.17, pp.2374-2381, 2008.

R. Huits, D. Smet, B. Arien, K. K. Van-esbroeck, M. Bottieau et al., Zika virus in semen: a prospective cohort study of symptomatic travellers returning to Belgium, Bull World Heal Organ, vol.95, pp.802-809, 2017.

J. Hummel, U. Kämmerer, N. Müller, E. Avota, and S. Schneider-schaulies, Human endogenous retrovirus envelope proteins target dendritic cells to suppress T-cell activation, Eur J Immunol, vol.45, pp.1748-1759, 2015.

R. Husak, C. Garbe, and C. E. Orfanos, Mollusca contagiosa in HIV infection. Clinical manifestation, relation to immune status and prognostic value in 39 patients, Hautarzt, vol.48, pp.103-112, 1997.

A. Huysman, M. Patel, and D. T. Dieterich, Hepatitis B: the immaculate infection, Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y), vol.3, pp.724-726, 2007.

, IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, Biological Agents. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2012.

J. M. Ilvesaro, M. A. Merrell, T. M. Swain, J. Davidson, M. Zayzafoon et al., Toll like receptor-9 agonists stimulate prostate cancer invasion in vitro, Prostate, vol.67, pp.774-781, 2007.

A. Imaz, J. Martinez-picado, J. Niubo, A. D. Kashuba, E. Ferrer et al., HIV-1-RNA Decay and Dolutegravir Concentrations in Semen of Patients Starting a First Antiretroviral Regimen, J Infect Dis, vol.214, pp.1512-1519, 2016.

T. Inoue and Y. Tanaka, Hepatitis B virus and its sexually transmitted infection -an update, Microb cell, vol.3, pp.420-437, 2016.

A. Introini, S. Boström, F. Bradley, A. Gibbs, A. Glaessgen et al., Seminal plasma induces inflammation and enhances HIV-1 replication in human cervical tissue explants, PLOS Pathog, vol.13, p.1006402, 2017.

P. C. Irons, E. S. Tuppurainen, and E. H. Venter, Excretion of lumpy skin disease virus in bull semen, Theriogenology, vol.63, pp.1290-1297, 2005.

M. Itoh, Q. Xie, K. Miyamoto, and Y. Takeuchi, Major differences between the testis and epididymis in the induction of granulomas in response to extravasated germ cells. I. A light microscopical study in mice

, Int J Androl, vol.22, pp.316-339, 1999.

Y. Iwahara, N. Takehara, R. Kataoka, T. Sawada, Y. Ohtsuki et al., Transmission of HTLV-I to rabbits via semen and breast milk from seropositive healthy persons, Int-J-Cancer, vol.45, pp.980-7136, 1990.

H. Jalal, G. Bahadur, W. Knowles, J. L. Brink, and N. , Mumps epididymo-orchitis with prolonged detection of virus in semen and the development of anti-sperm antibodies, J Med Virol, vol.73, pp.147-150, 2004.

P. H. Jayathunge, W. J. Mcbride, D. Maclaren, J. Kaldor, A. Vallely et al., Male Circumcision and HIV Transmission; What Do We Know?, Open AIDS J, vol.8, pp.31-44, 2014.

S. A. Jelinsky, T. T. Turner, H. J. Bang, J. N. Finger, M. K. Solarz et al., The rat epididymal transcriptome: comparison of segmental gene expression in the rat and mouse epididymides, Biol Reprod, vol.76, pp.561-70, 2007.

M. Jenabian, C. T. Costiniuk, V. Mehraj, F. M. Ghazawi, R. Fromentin et al., Orchid study group. Immune tolerance properties of the testicular tissue as a viral sanctuary site in ART-treated HIV-infected adults, AIDS, vol.30, pp.2777-2786, 2016.

P. Jern and J. M. Coffin, Effects of Retroviruses on Host Genome Function, Annu Rev Genet, vol.42, pp.709-732, 2008.

A. Jerónimo, M. B. Baza, I. Río, M. Vera, V. Hernando et al., Factors associated with seminal impairment in HIV-infected men under antiretroviral therapy, Hum Reprod, vol.32, pp.265-271, 2017.

Q. Jiang, F. Wang, L. Shi, X. Zhao, M. Gong et al., C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 produced by mouse Sertoli cells in response to mumps virus infection induces male germ cell apoptosis, Cell Death Dis, vol.8, p.3146, 2017.

G. Joguet, J. Mansuy, G. Matusali, S. Hamdi, M. Walschaerts et al., Effect of acute Zika virus infection on sperm and virus clearance in body fluids: a prospective observational study, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.17, pp.1200-1208, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01647078

K. S. Jones, C. Petrow-sadowski, Y. K. Huang, D. C. Bertolette, and F. W. Ruscetti, Cell-free HTLV-1 infects dendritic cells leading to transmission and transformation of CD4+ T cells, Nat Med, vol.14, pp.429-436, 2008.

T. Joseph, I. A. Zalenskaya, L. C. Sawyer, N. Chandra, and G. F. Doncel, Seminal plasma induces prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS) 2 expression in immortalized human vaginal cells: involvement of semen prostaglandin E2 in PTGS2 upregulation, Biol Reprod, vol.88, p.13, 2013.

S. C. Kalichman, D. Berto, G. Eaton, and L. , Human immunodeficiency virus viral load in blood plasma and semen: review and implications of empirical findings, Sex Transm Dis, vol.35, pp.55-60, 2008.

M. Kang, S. Heo, E. Song, D. Kim, S. Han et al., Activation of Nod1 and Nod2 induces innate immune responses of prostate epithelial cells, Prostate, vol.72, pp.1351-1358, 2012.

X. Kang, Q. Xie, X. Zhou, F. Li, J. Huang et al., Effects of hepatitis B virus S protein exposure on sperm membrane integrity and functions, PLoS One, vol.7, p.33471, 2012.

L. Kao, H. Lin, S. Chung, and C. Huang, Association between Testicular Cancer and Epididymoorchitis: A Population-Based Case, Control Study OPEN. Sci Rep, vol.6, p.23079, 2016.

A. Kapoor, P. Simmonds, and W. I. Lipkin, Discovery and Characterization of Mammalian Endogenous Parvoviruses, J Virol, vol.84, pp.12628-12635, 2010.

N. Kapranos, E. Petrakou, C. Anastasiadou, and D. Kotronias, Detection of herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus in the semen of men attending an infertility clinic. Fertil Steril peroxidase system, J Clin Microbiol, vol.33, pp.2054-2061, 1995.

P. Klenerman, H. Hengartner, and R. M. Zinkernagel, A non-retroviral RNA virus persists in DNA form, Nature, vol.390, pp.298-301, 1997.

D. M. Koelle and L. Corey, Herpes Simplex: Insights on Pathogenesis and Possible Vaccines, Annu Rev Med, vol.59, pp.381-395, 2008.

F. Koide, S. Goebel, B. Snyder, K. B. Walters, A. Gast et al., Development of a Zika Virus Infection Model in Cynomolgus Macaques, Front Microbiol, vol.7, p.2028, 2016.

M. Komeya, H. Kimura, H. Nakamura, T. Yokonishi, T. Sato et al., Long-term ex vivo maintenance of testis tissues producing fertile sperm in a microfluidic device, Sci Rep, vol.6, p.21472, 2016.

Y. Kong, Y. Liu, X. Liu, N. Li, Z. Zhu et al., Relationship between the mechanism of hepatitis B virus father-infant transmission and pregnancy outcome, Arch Gynecol Obstet, vol.295, pp.253-257, 2017.

Y. Van-kooyk and T. B. Geijtenbeek, DC-SIGN: escape mechanism for pathogens, Nat Rev Immunol, vol.3, pp.697-709, 2003.

K. Kordy, J. Elliott, K. Tanner, E. J. Johnson, I. M. Mcgowan et al., Human Semen or Seminal Plasma Does Not Enhance HIV-1BaL Ex Vivo Infection of Human Colonic Explants, AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, vol.34, pp.459-466, 2018.

R. M. Kotin, M. Siniscalco, R. J. Samulski, X. D. Zhu, L. Hunter et al., Site-specific integration by adeno-associated virus, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.87, pp.2211-2216, 1990.

D. Kotronias and N. Kapranos, Detection of herpes simplex virus DNA in human spermatozoa by in situ hybridization technique, In Vivo, vol.12, pp.391-395, 1998.

O. O. Koyuncu, I. B. Hogue, and L. W. Enquist, Virus Infections in the Nervous System, Cell Host Microbe, vol.13, pp.379-393, 2013.

A. B. Kuenzli, J. Marschall, J. C. Schefold, M. Schafer, O. B. Engler et al., Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome Due to Imported Andes Hantavirus Infection in Switzerland: A Multidisciplinary Challenge, Two Cases and a Literature Review, Clin Infect Dis, vol.67, pp.1788-1795, 2018.

F. A. Kurscheidt, E. Damke, J. C. Bento, V. A. Balani, K. I. Takeda et al., Effects of Herpes Simplex Virus Infections on Seminal Parameters in Male Partners of Infertile Couples, Urology, vol.113, pp.52-58, 2018.

P. Kury, A. Nath, A. Creange, A. Dolei, P. Marche et al., Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Neurological Diseases, Trends Mol Med, vol.24, pp.379-394, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-02333223

M. Lajous, N. Mueller, A. Cruz-valdéz, L. V. Aguilar, S. Franceschi et al., Determinants of prevalence, acquisition, and persistence of human papillomavirus in healthy Mexican military men, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, vol.14, pp.1710-1716, 2005.

M. R. Lakpour, M. Koruji, A. Shahverdi, S. Aghajanpour, M. R. Naghandar et al., The expression of TLR2 and TLR3 in sertoli cells of azoospermic patients, Cell J, vol.19, pp.375-385, 2017.

E. Lalle, F. Colavita, M. Iannetta, G. Teklè, S. Carletti et al., Prolonged detection of dengue virus RNA in the semen of a man returning from Thailand to Italy, 2018.

, Euro Surveill, vol.23, 2018.

Z. W. Lang,

C. , Tsa-Chih, vol.73, pp.329-331, 1993.

C. Laprise, H. Trottier, P. Monnier, F. Coutlee, and M. Mayrand, Prevalence of human papillomaviruses in semen: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Hum Reprod, vol.29, pp.640-651, 2014.

R. Larochelle, A. Bielanski, P. Muller, and R. Magar, PCR detection and evidence of shedding of porcine circovirus type 2 in boar semen, J Clin Microbiol, vol.38, pp.4629-4632, 2000.

F. De-laval, S. Matheus, T. Labrousse, A. Enfissi, D. Rousset et al., Kinetics of Zika Viral Load in Semen, N Engl J Med, vol.377, pp.697-699, 2017.

V. Lee, E. Ng, W. Yeung, and P. C. Ho, Impact of positive hepatitis B surface antigen on the outcome of IVF treatment, Reprod Biomed Online, vol.21, pp.712-717, 2010.

J. Leemans, M. Raes, T. Vanbinst, D. Clercq, K. Saegerman et al., Viral RNA load in semen from bluetongue serotype 8-infected rams: relationship with sperm quality, Vet J, vol.192, pp.304-310, 2012.

E. Van-leeuwen, F. W. Wit, S. Repping, E. Schattenkerk, J. Reiss et al., Prins, vol.22, pp.637-642, 2008.

M. P. Lemos, J. R. Lama, S. T. Karuna, Y. Fong, S. M. Montano et al., The inner foreskin of healthy males at risk of HIV infection harbors epithelial CD4+ CCR5+ cells and has features of an inflamed epidermal barrier, PLoS One, vol.9, p.108954, 2014.

M. Leruez-ville, J. M. Kunstmann, D. Almeida, M. Rouzioux, C. Chaix et al., Detection of hepatitis C virus in the semen of infected men, Lancet, vol.356, pp.42-43, 2000.

S. Lewis, Is sperm evaluation useful in predicting human fertility?, Reproduction, vol.134, pp.31-40, 2007.

H. Li, J. Wu, Y. Sheng, Q. Lu, B. Liu et al., Prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in various pig farms from Shaanxi Province, China: First detection of HEV RNA in pig semen, Transbound Emerg Dis, vol.66, pp.72-82, 2018.

L. Li, A. Kapoor, B. Slikas, O. S. Bamidele, C. Wang et al., Multiple Diverse Circoviruses Infect Farm Animals and Are Commonly Found in Human and Chimpanzee Feces, J Virol, vol.84, pp.1674-82, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01375296

X. Li, H. Dong, X. Huang, Y. Qiu, H. Wang et al., Clinical Isolate of Zika Virus in Non-human Primates. EBioMedicine, vol.12, pp.170-177, 2016.

C. H. Liew, The first case of sexual transmission of dengue in Spain, J Travel Med pii, p.87, 2019.

A. Van-lint, M. Ayers, A. G. Brooks, R. M. Coles, W. R. Heath et al., Herpes simplex virusspecific CD8+ T cells can clear established lytic infections from skin and nerves and can partially limit the early spread of virus after cutaneous inoculation, J Immunol, vol.172, pp.392-399, 2004.

S. Lippold, B. Braun, F. Krüger, M. Harms, J. A. Müller et al., Natural Inhibitor of Human Cytomegalovirus in Human Seminal Plasma, J Virol, vol.93, 2019.

A. Lisco, A. Munawwar, A. Introini, C. Vanpouille, S. E. Feng et al., Semen of HIV-1-infected individuals: local shedding of herpesviruses and reprogrammed cytokine network, J Infect Dis, vol.205, pp.97-105, 2012.

C. M. Liu, B. J. Osborne, B. A. Hungate, K. Shahabi, S. Huibner et al., The Semen Microbiome and Its Relationship with Local Immunology and Viral Load in HIV Infection, PLoS Pathog, vol.10, p.1004262, 2014.

C. M. Liu, J. L. Prodger, A. Tobian, A. G. Abraham, G. Kigozi et al., Penile Anaerobic Dysbiosis as a Risk Factor for HIV Infection, MBio, vol.8, pp.996-1013, 2017.

H. Liu, Y. Fu, J. Xie, J. Cheng, S. A. Ghabrial et al., Widespread Endogenization of Densoviruses and Parvoviruses in Animal and Human Genomes, J Virol, vol.85, pp.9863-9876, 2011.

M. Liu, F. Liu, Y. Pan, Z. He, C. Guo et al., Viral Load in the Natural History of Human Papillomavirus Infection Among Men in Rural China: A Population-based Prospective Study, Clin Infect Dis, vol.67, pp.1861-1867, 2018.

R. Liu, W. A. Paxton, S. Choe, D. Ceradini, S. R. Martin et al., Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection, Cell, vol.86, pp.367-77, 1996.

W. J. Liu, M. Zhu, J. J. Pei, X. Y. Dong, W. Liu et al., Molecular phylogenetic and positive selection analysis of Japanese encephalitis virus strains isolated from pigs in China, Virus Res, vol.178, pp.547-552, 2013.

U. Löber, M. Hobbs, A. Dayaram, K. Tsangaras, K. Jones et al., Degradation and remobilization of endogenous retroviruses by recombination during the earliest stages of a germ-line invasion, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.115, pp.8609-8614, 2018.

F. Lorusso, M. Palmisano, M. Chironna, M. Vacca, P. Masciandaro et al., Impact of chronic viral diseases on semen parameters, Andrologia, vol.42, pp.121-126, 2010.

A. G. Lourenço, M. C. Komesu, A. A. Machado, S. M. Quintana, T. Bourlet et al., Semen lactoferrin promotes CCL20 production by epithelial cells: Involvement in HIV transmission, World J Virol, vol.3, pp.11-18, 2014.

G. Luca, I. Arato, G. Sorci, D. F. Cameron, B. C. Hansen et al., Sertoli cells for cell transplantation: pre-clinical studies and future perspectives, Andrology, vol.6, pp.385-395, 2018.

M. Ludlow, J. Kortekaas, C. Herden, B. Hoffmann, D. Tappe et al., Neurotropic virus infections as the cause of immediate and delayed neuropathology, Acta Neuropathol, vol.131, pp.159-184, 2016.

D. Luo, R. Zheng, D. Wang, X. Zhang, Y. Yin et al., Effect of sexual transmission on the West Africa Ebola outbreak in 2014: a mathematical modelling study, Sci Rep, vol.9, p.1653, 2019.

R. Luttmer, M. G. Dijkstra, P. J. Snijders, E. S. Jordanova, A. J. King et al., Presence of human papillomavirus in semen of healthy men is firmly associated with HPV infections of the penile epithelium, Fertil Steril, vol.104, pp.838-844, 2015.

R. Luttmer, M. G. Dijkstra, P. Snijders, P. Hompes, D. Pronk et al., Presence of human papillomavirus in semen in relation to semen quality, Hum Reprod, vol.31, pp.280-286, 2016.

Z. Lyu, X. Feng, N. Li, W. Zhao, L. Wei et al., Human papillomavirus in semen and the risk for male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMC Infect Dis, vol.17, p.714, 2017.

W. Ma, S. Li, S. Ma, L. Jia, F. Zhang et al., Zika Virus Causes Testis Damage and Leads to Male Infertility in Mice, Cell, vol.167, pp.1511-1524, 2016.

Z. Ma, J. Dutra, L. Fritts, and C. J. Miller, Lymphatic Dissemination of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus after Penile Inoculation, J Virol, vol.90, pp.4093-4104, 2016.

C. M. Macfarlane and R. M. Badge, Genome-wide amplification of proviral sequences reveals new polymorphic HERV-K(HML-2) proviruses in humans and chimpanzees that are absent from genome assemblies, Retrovirology, vol.12, p.35, 2015.

J. P. Mackern-oberti, M. Maccioni, M. L. Breser, A. Eley, T. Miethke et al., Innate immunity in the male genital tract: Chlamydia trachomatis induces keratinocyte-derived chemokine production in prostate, seminal vesicle and epididymis/vas deferens primary cultures, J Med Microbiol, vol.60, pp.307-316, 2011.

J. P. Mackern-oberti, M. Maccioni, C. Cuffini, G. Gatti, and V. E. Rivero, Susceptibility of prostate epithelial cells to Chlamydia muridarum infection and their role in innate immunity by recruitment of intracellular Toll-like receptors 4 and 2 and MyD88 to the inclusion, Infect Immun, vol.74, pp.6973-6981, 2006.

J. Macleod, Effect of chickenpox and of pneumonia on semen quality, Fertil Steril, vol.2, pp.523-556, 1951.

D. M. Madson, S. Ramamoorthy, C. Kuster, N. Pal, X. J. Meng et al., Characterization of shedding patterns of Porcine circovirus types 2a and 2b in experimentally inoculated mature boars, J Vet Diagn Invest, vol.20, pp.725-734, 2008.

G. Magiorkinis, R. Belshaw, and A. Katzourakis, There and back again": revisiting the pathophysiological roles of human endogenous retroviruses in the post-genomic era, Philos Trans R Soc L B Biol Sci, vol.368, 2013.

A. R. Magnano, R. Giordano, N. Moscufo, B. Baccetti, and C. Spadafora, Sperm/DNA interaction: Integration of foreign DNA sequences in the mouse sperm genome, J Reprod Immunol, vol.41, pp.187-196, 1998.

D. Maher, X. Wu, T. Schacker, J. Horbul, and P. Southern, HIV binding, penetration, and primary infection in human cervicovaginal tissue, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.102, pp.11504-11509, 2005.

B. Maione, C. Pittoggi, L. Achene, R. Lorenzini, and C. Spadafora, Activation of endogenous nucleases in mature sperm cells upon interaction with exogenous DNA, DNA Cell Biol, vol.16, pp.1087-97, 1997.

R. Malfavon-borja and C. Feschotte, Fighting fire with fire: endogenous retrovirus envelopes as restriction factors, J Virol, vol.89, pp.4047-50, 2015.

C. Mallidis, E. J. Howard, and H. W. Baker, Variation of semen quality in normal men, Int J Androl, vol.14, pp.99-107, 1991.

E. A. Malolina, A. Y. Kulibin, V. A. Naumenko, E. A. Gushchina, L. E. Zavalishina et al., Herpes simplex virus inoculation in murine rete testis results in irreversible testicular damage, Int J Exp Pathol, vol.95, pp.120-150, 2014.

B. Manicassamy, J. Wang, E. Rumschlag, S. Tymen, V. Volchkova et al., Characterization of Marburg virus glycoprotein in viral entry, Virology, vol.358, pp.79-88, 2007.

A. L. Manson, Mumps orchitis, Urology, vol.36, pp.355-358, 1990.

J. Mansuy, E. Costa, H. Gouilly, J. Mengelle, C. Pasquier et al., Peripheral Plasma and Semen Cytokine Response to Zika Virus in Humans, Emerg Infect Dis, vol.25, pp.823-825, 2019.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02405546

J. M. Mansuy, E. Suberbielle, S. Chapuy-regaud, C. Mengelle, L. Bujan et al., Zika virus in semen and spermatozoa, Lancet Infect Dis, vol.16, pp.1106-1107, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02400856

M. Marini, I. Rosa, D. Guasti, M. Gacci, E. Sgambati et al., Reappraising the microscopic anatomy of human testis: identification of telocyte networks in the peritubular and intertubular stromal space, Sci Rep, vol.8, p.14780, 2018.

J. A. Martellini, A. L. Cole, N. Venkataraman, G. A. Quinn, P. Svoboda et al., Cationic polypeptides contribute to the anti-HIV-1 activity of human seminal plasma, Faseb J, vol.23, pp.3609-3618, 2009.

R. B. Martines, D. L. Ng, P. W. Greer, P. E. Rollin, and S. R. Zaki, Tissue and cellular tropism, pathology and pathogenesis of Ebola and Marburg viruses, J Pathol, vol.235, pp.153-174, 2015.

F. Martini, L. Iaccheri, L. Lazzarin, P. Carinci, A. Corallini et al., SV40 early region and large T antigen in human brain tumors, peripheral blood cells, and sperm fluids from healthy individuals, Cancer Res, vol.56, pp.4820-4825, 1996.

F. Martini, L. Iaccheri, M. Martinelli, R. Martinello, E. Grandi et al., Papilloma and polyoma DNA tumor virus sequences in female genital tumors, Cancer Invest, vol.22, pp.697-705, 2004.

G. A. Martini, Marburg virus disease, Postgr Med J, vol.49, pp.542-546, 1973.

G. A. Martini and H. A. Schmidt,

, Klin-Wochenschr, vol.46, pp.398-2173, 1968.

M. Martorell, M. Gil-salom, A. Perez-valles, J. A. Garcia, N. Rausell et al., Presence of human papillomavirus DNA in testicular biopsies from nonobstructive azoospermic men, Arch Pathol Lab Med, vol.129, pp.1132-1136, 2005.

A. M. De-marzo, E. A. Platz, S. Sutcliffe, J. Xu, H. Grönberg et al., Inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis, Nat Rev Cancer, vol.7, pp.256-69, 2007.

M. Masarani, H. Wazait, and M. Dinneen, Mumps orchitis, J R Soc Med, vol.99, pp.573-578, 2006.

A. Mason, M. Wick, H. White, and R. Perrillo, Hepatitis B virus replication in diverse cell types during chronic hepatitis B virus infection, Hepatology, vol.18, pp.781-790, 1993.

H. Matsubara, K. Michitaka, N. Horiike, M. Yano, S. M. Akbar et al., Existence of TT virus DNA in extracellular body fluids from normal healthy Japanese subjects, Intervirology, vol.43, pp.16-19, 2000.

G. Matusali, N. Dereuddre-bosquet, L. Tortorec, A. Moreau, M. Satie et al., Detection of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus in Semen, Urethra, and Male Reproductive Organs during Efficient Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, J Virol, vol.89, pp.5772-5787, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01139816

G. Matusali, L. Houzet, A. Satie, D. Mahé, A. F. Couderc et al., Zika virus infects human testicular tissue and germ cells, J Clin Invest, vol.128, pp.4697-4710, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01868794

C. Mayer, M. Adam, L. Glashauser, K. Dietrich, J. U. Schwarzer et al., Sterile inflammation as a factor in human male infertility: Involvement of Toll like receptor 2, biglycan and peritubular cells, Sci Rep, vol.6, pp.1-10, 2016.

W. H. Mccollum, T. Little, P. J. Timoney, and T. W. Swerczek, Resistance of castrated male horses to attempted establishment of the carrier state with equine arteritis virus, J Comp Pathol, vol.111, pp.383-388, 1994.

S. G. Mccoombe and R. V. Short, Potential HIV-1 target cells in the human penis, AIDS, vol.20, pp.1491-1495, 2006.

E. M. Mcdonald, N. K. Duggal, and A. C. Brault, Pathogenesis and sexual transmission of Spondweni and Zika viruses, PLoS Negl Trop Dis, vol.11, p.5990, 2017.

K. A. Mcglynn and B. Trabert, Adolescent and adult risk factors for testicular cancer, Nat Rev Urol, vol.9, pp.339-388, 2012.

H. R. Mcmurray, D. Nguyen, T. F. Westbrook, and D. J. Mcance, Biology of human papillomaviruses, Int J Exp Pathol, vol.82, pp.15-33, 2001.

P. J. Mcnicol and J. G. Dodd, Detection of human papillomavirus DNA in prostate gland tissue by using the polymerase chain reaction amplification assay, J Clin Microbiol, vol.28, pp.409-412, 1990.

P. J. Mcnicol and J. G. Dodd, High prevalence of human papillomavirus in prostate tissues, J Urol, vol.145, pp.850-853, 1991.

G. Mcquillan, D. Kruszon-moran, L. E. Markowitz, E. R. Unger, and R. Paulose-ram, Prevalence of HPV in Adults Aged 18-69: United States, pp.1-8, 2011.

J. W. Mcvicar, R. J. Eisner, L. A. Johnson, and V. G. Pursel, Foot-and-mouth disease and swine vesicular disease viruses in boar semen, Proc Annu Meet U S Anim Heal Assoc, pp.221-230, 1977.

P. S. Mead, N. K. Duggal, S. A. Hook, M. Delorey, M. Fischer et al., Zika Virus Shedding in Semen of Symptomatic Infected Men, N Engl J Med, vol.378, pp.1377-1385, 2018.

I. Medveczky and I. Szabo, Isolation of Aujeszky's disease virus from boar semen, Acta Vet Acad Sci Hung, vol.29, pp.29-35, 1981.

S. Mehrle, V. Rohde, and J. R. Schlehofer, Evidence of chromosomal integration of AAV DNA in human testis tissue, Virus Genes, vol.28, pp.61-69, 2004.

S. D. Mehta, S. Moses, K. Agot, I. Maclean, E. Odoyo-june et al., Medical Male Circumcision and Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Acquisition: Posttrial Surveillance in Kisumu, J Infect Dis, vol.208, pp.1869-1876, 2013.

S. D. Mehta, S. Moses, C. B. Parker, K. Agot, I. Maclean et al., Circumcision status and incident herpes simplex virus type 2 infection, genital ulcer disease, and HIV infection, AIDS, vol.26, pp.1141-1149, 2012.

A. Meinhardt, M. Wang, C. Schulz, and S. Bhushan, Microenvironmental signals govern the cellular identity of testicular macrophages, J Leukoc Biol, vol.104, pp.757-766, 2018.

N. Melaine, M. Liénard, G. E. Ruffault, A. Dejucq-rainsford, N. Jégou et al., Production of the antiviral proteins 2'5'oligoadenylate synthetase, PKR and Mx in interstitial cells and spermatogonia, J Reprod Immunol, vol.59, pp.53-60, 2003.

J. Meng, A. R. Greenlee, C. J. Taub, and R. E. Braun, Sertoli Cell-Specific Deletion of the Androgen Receptor Compromises Testicular Immune Privilege in Mice1, Biol Reprod, vol.85, pp.254-260, 2011.

J. Meng, R. W. Holdcraft, J. E. Shima, M. D. Griswold, and R. E. Braun, Androgens regulate the permeability of the blood-testis barrier, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.102, pp.16696-16700, 2005.

E. A. Mesri, M. A. Feitelson, and K. Munger, Human viral oncogenesis: a cancer hallmarks analysis, Cell Host Microbe, vol.15, pp.266-82, 2014.

T. J. Meyer, J. L. Rosenkrantz, L. Carbone, and S. L. Chavez, Endogenous Retroviruses: With Us and against Us, Front Chem, vol.5, p.23, 2017.

V. Michel, A. Pilatz, M. P. Hedger, and A. Meinhardt, Epididymitis: revelations at the convergence of clinical and basic sciences, Asian J Androl, vol.17, pp.756-63, 2015.

R. Migliari, A. Riva, M. S. Lantini, M. Melis, and E. Usai, Diffuse lymphoid tissue associated with the human bulbourethral gland. An immunohistologic characterization, J Androl, vol.13, pp.337-341, 1992.

C. J. Miller, P. Vogel, N. J. Alexander, S. Dandekar, A. G. Hendrickx et al., Pathology and localization of simian immunodeficiency virus in the reproductive tract of chronically infected male rhesus macaques, Lab Invest, vol.70, pp.255-62, 1994.

N. Milman, J. Zhu, C. Johnston, A. Cheng, A. Magaret et al., HSV-2) Reactivation and Their Influence on Spontaneous HSV-2 Reactivation, Situ Detection of Regulatory T Cells in Human Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type, vol.2, pp.23-31, 2016.

C. Miry, M. B. Pensaert, P. Bonte, D. Geest, and J. , Effect of intratesticular inoculation with Aujeszky's disease virus on genital organs of boars, Vet Microbiol, vol.14, pp.355-363, 1987.

B. Misiak, L. Ricceri, and M. M. Sasiadek, Transposable Elements and Their Epigenetic Regulation in Mental Disorders: Current Evidence in the Field, Front Genet, vol.10, p.580, 2019.

P. Mital, B. T. Hinton, and J. M. Dufour, The Blood-Testis and Blood-Epididymis Barriers Are More than Just Their Tight Junctions1, Biol Reprod, vol.84, pp.851-858, 2011.

J. E. Mold, J. Michaelsson, T. D. Burt, M. O. Muench, K. P. Beckerman et al., Maternal Alloantigens Promote the Development of Tolerogenic Fetal Regulatory T Cells in Utero, Science, vol.322, issue.80, pp.1562-1565, 2008.

S. H. Monavari, M. S. Vaziri, M. Khalili, M. Shamsi-shahrabadi, H. Keyvani et al., Asymptomatic seminal infection of herpes simplex virus: impact on male infertility, J Biomed Res, vol.27, pp.56-61, 2013.

P. Monini, A. Rotola, L. De-lellis, A. Corallini, P. Secchiero et al., Latent BK virus infection and Kaposi's sarcoma pathogenesis, Int J Cancer, vol.66, pp.717-722, 1996.

J. D. Montgomery, L. P. Jacobson, R. Dhir, and F. J. Jenkins, Detection of humanherpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) in normal prostates, Prostate, vol.66, pp.1302-1310, 2006.

M. Moreau, L. Tortorec, A. Deleage, C. Brown, C. Denis et al., Impact of short-term HAART initiated during the chronic stage or shortly post-exposure on SIV infection of male genital organs, PLoS One, vol.7, p.37348, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00876945

J. Moreira, T. M. Peixoto, A. M. Siqueira, and C. C. Lamas, Sexually acquired Zika virus: a systematic review, Clin Microbiol Infect, vol.23, pp.296-305, 2017.

M. J. Moreno-madrinan and M. Turell, History of Mosquitoborne Diseases in the United States and Implications for New Pathogens, Emerg Infect Dis, vol.24, pp.821-826, 2018.

E. Moretti, M. G. Federico, V. Giannerini, and G. C. Collodel, Andrologia, vol.40, pp.286-291, 2008.

E. Moretti, N. Figura, M. S. Campagna, F. Iacoponi, S. Gonnelli et al., Infectious Burden and Semen Parameters, Urology, vol.100, pp.90-96, 2017.

T. Mori, K. Tanaka-taya, H. Satoh, Y. Aisa, R. Yamazaki et al., Transmission of chromosomally integrated human herpesvirsus 6 (HHV-6) variant A from a parent to children leading to misdiagnosis of active HHV-6 infection, Transpl Infect Dis, vol.11, pp.503-506, 2009.

G. Morissette and L. Flamand, Herpesviruses and chromosomal integration, J Virol, vol.84, pp.12100-12109, 2010.

B. J. Morris, R. G. Wamai, E. B. Henebeng, A. A. Tobian, J. D. Klausner et al., Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision, Popul Heal Metr, vol.14, issue.4, 2016.

S. R. Morris, M. Zhao, D. M. Smith, M. Vargas, S. J. Little et al., Longitudinal Viral Dynamics in Semen During Early HIV Infection, Clin Infect Dis, vol.64, pp.428-434, 2017.

T. E. Morrison and M. S. Diamond, Animal Models of Zika Virus Infection, Pathogenesis, and Immunity, J Virol, vol.91, pp.9-17, 2017.

N. Mossadegh-keller, R. Gentek, G. Gimenez, S. Bigot, S. Mailfert et al., Developmental origin and maintenance of distinct testicular macrophage populations, J Exp Med, vol.214, pp.2829-2841, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01764674

N. Mossadegh-keller and M. H. Sieweke, Testicular macrophages: Guardians of fertility, Cell Immunol, vol.330, pp.120-125, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02117987

B. Muciaccia, A. Filippini, E. Ziparo, F. Colelli, C. D. Baroni et al., Testicular germ cells of HIVseropositive asymptomatic men are infected by the virus, J Reprod Immunol, vol.41, pp.81-93, 1998.

J. A. Müller, M. Harms, F. Krüger, R. Groß, S. Joas et al., Semen inhibits Zika virus infection of cells and tissues from the anogenital region, Nat Commun, vol.9, p.2207, 2018.

J. Munch, E. Rucker, L. Standker, K. Adermann, C. Goffinet et al., Semen-derived amyloid fibrils drastically enhance HIV infection, Cell, vol.131, pp.1059-1071, 2007.

J. Munch, U. Sauermann, M. Yolamanova, K. Raue, C. Stahl-hennig et al., Effect of semen and seminal amyloid on vaginal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus, Retrovirology, vol.10, p.148, 2013.

L. S. Munoz, M. A. Garcia, E. Gordon-lipkin, B. Parra, and C. A. Pardo, Emerging Viral Infections and Their Impact on the Global Burden of Neurological Disease, Semin Neurol, vol.38, pp.163-175, 2018.

E. L. Murphy, J. P. Figueroa, W. N. Gibbs, A. Brathwaite, H. Cobham et al., Sexual transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), Ann Intern Med, vol.111, pp.555-560, 1989.

D. Musso, P. Parola, and D. Raoult, Yellow fever: the Pacific should be prepared, Lancet, vol.392, p.2347, 2018.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01970221

D. Musso, C. Roche, R. E. Nhan, T. Teissier, A. Cao-lormeau et al., Potential sexual transmission of Zika virus, Emerg Infect Dis, vol.21, pp.359-361, 2015.

J. G. Mygatt, A. Singhal, G. Sukumar, C. L. Dalgard, and J. Kaleeba, Oncogenic Herpesvirus HHV-8 Promotes Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Growth, Cancer Res, vol.73, pp.5695-5708, 2013.

J. W. Nash, L. A. Hanson, S. Cyr-coats, and K. , Bovine immunodeficiency virus in stud bull semen, Am J Vet Res, vol.56, pp.760-763, 1995.

D. Nashan, T. G. Cooper, U. A. Knuth, P. Schubeus, C. Sorg et al., Presence and distribution of leucocyte subsets in the murine epididymis after vasectomy, Int J Androl, vol.13, pp.39-49, 1990.

D. Nashan, U. Malorny, C. Sorg, T. Cooper, and E. Nieschlag, Immuno-competent cells in the murine epididymis, Int J Androl, vol.12, pp.85-94, 1989.

N. Nathanson and M. W. Epidemiology, Fields Virology, 2013.

V. Naumenko, Y. Tyulenev, L. Kurilo, L. Shileiko, T. Sorokina et al., Detection and quantification of human herpes viruses types 4-6 in sperm samples of patients with fertility disorders and chronic inflammatory urogenital tract diseases, Andrology, vol.2, pp.687-694, 2014.

V. A. Naumenko, Y. A. Tyulenev, S. A. Yakovenko, L. F. Kurilo, L. Shileyko et al., Detection of human cytomegalovirus in motile spermatozoa and spermatogenic cells in testis organotypic culture, vol.2, p.7, 2011.

A. Nazli, O. Chan, W. N. Dobson-belaire, M. Ouellet, M. J. Tremblay et al., Exposure to HIV-1 Directly Impairs Mucosal Epithelial Barrier Integrity Allowing Microbial Translocation, PLoS Pathog, vol.6, p.1000852, 2010.

N. P. Nelson, P. J. Easterbrook, and B. J. Mcmahon, Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease, Clin Liver Dis, vol.20, pp.607-628, 2016.

E. Neofytou, G. Sourvinos, M. Asmarianaki, D. A. Spandidos, and A. Makrigiannakis, Prevalence of human herpes virus types 1-7 in the semen of men attending an infertility clinic and correlation with semen parameters, Fertil Steril, vol.91, pp.2487-2494, 2009.

B. W. Newcomer, K. Toohey-kurth, Y. Zhang, B. W. Brodersen, M. S. Marley et al., Laboratory diagnosis and transmissibility of bovine viral diarrhea virus from a bull with a persistent testicular infection, Vet Microbiol, vol.170, pp.246-257, 2014.

P. Nguyen, J. K. Kafka, V. H. Ferreira, K. Roth, and C. Kaushic, Innate and adaptive immune responses in male and female reproductive tracts in homeostasis and following HIV infection, Cell Mol Immunol, vol.11, pp.410-427, 2014.

E. Nicastri, C. Castilletti, G. Liuzzi, M. Iannetta, M. R. Capobianchi et al., Persistent detection of Zika virus RNA in semen for six months after symptom onset in a traveller returning from Haiti to Italy, Eurosurveillance, vol.21, p.30314, 2016.

J. C. Nickel, L. D. True, J. N. Krieger, R. E. Berger, A. H. Boag et al., Consensus development of a histopathological classification system for chronic prostatic inflammation, BJU Int, vol.87, pp.797-805, 2001.

E. Nieschlag and H. M. Behre, , 2010.

V. Nikiforov, I. I. Turovski?, P. P. Kalinin, L. A. Akinfeeva, L. R. Katkova et al.,

, Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol, vol.3, pp.104-110, 1994.

M. Nishimura and S. Naito, Tissue-specific mRNA expression profiles of human toll-like receptors and related genes, Biol Pharm Bull, vol.28, pp.886-92, 2005.

G. J. Nuovo, J. Becker, A. Simsir, M. Margiotta, G. Khalife et al., HIV-1 nucleic acids localize to the spermatogonia and their progeny. A study by polymerase chain reaction in situ hybridization, Am J Pathol, vol.144, pp.1142-1148, 1994.

R. E. Oberley, K. L. Goss, L. Dahmoush, K. A. Ault, E. C. Crouch et al., A role for surfactant protein D in innate immunity of the human prostate, Prostate, vol.65, pp.241-251, 2005.

R. E. Oberley, K. L. Goss, A. A. Quintar, C. A. Maldonado, and J. M. Snyder, Regulation of surfactant protein D in the rodent prostate, Reprod Biol Endocrinol, vol.5, p.42, 2007.

L. Odendaal, S. J. Clift, G. T. Fosgate, and A. S. Davis, Lesions and Cellular Tropism of Natural Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection in Adult Sheep, Vet Pathol, vol.56, pp.61-77, 2018.

P. M. Odorizzi, P. Jagannathan, T. I. Mcintyre, R. Budker, M. Prahl et al., In utero priming of highly functional effector T cell responses to human malaria, Sci Transl Med, vol.10, p.6176, 2018.

P. Oger, C. Yazbeck, A. Gervais, B. Dorphin, C. Gout et al., Adverse effects of hepatitis B virus on sperm motility and fertilization ability during IVF, Reprod Biomed Online, vol.23, pp.207-212, 2011.

K. Ohlsson, A. Bjartell, and H. Lilja, Secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor in the male genital tract: PSAinduced proteolytic processing in human semen and tissue localization, J Androl, vol.16, pp.64-74, 1995.

J. T. Van-oirschot, Bovine herpesvirus 1 in semen of bulls and the risk of transmission: A brief review, Vet Q, vol.17, pp.29-33, 1995.

D. Oliveira, G. Durigon, É. Mendes, J. Ladner, R. Andreata-santos et al., Persistence and Intra-Host Genetic Evolution of Zika Virus Infection in Symptomatic Adults: A Special View in the Male Reproductive System, Viruses, vol.10, p.615, 2018.

P. Oliveira, N. M. Castro, . De, and E. M. Carvalho, Urinary and sexual manifestations of patients infected by HTLV-I, Clinics (Sao Paulo), vol.62, pp.191-197, 2007.

P. Oliveira, N. M. Castro, A. L. Muniz, D. Tanajura, J. C. Brandão et al., Prevalence of Erectile Dysfunction in HTLV-1-Infected Patients and Its Association With Overactive Bladder, Urology, vol.75, pp.1100-1103, 2010.

A. J. Olivier, L. Masson, K. Ronacher, G. Walzl, D. Coetzee et al., Distinct cytokine patterns in semen influence local HIV shedding and HIV target cell activation, J Infect Dis, vol.209, pp.1174-84, 2014.

B. Osborne, A. K. Marsh, S. Huibner, K. Shahabi, C. Liu et al., Clinical and Mucosal Immune Correlates of HIV-1 Semen Levels in Antiretroviral-Naive Men, Open Forum Infect Dis, vol.4, p.33, 2017.

C. E. Osuna, S. Lim, C. Deleage, B. D. Griffin, D. Stein et al., Zika viral dynamics and shedding in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques, Nat Med, vol.22, pp.1448-1455, 2016.

J. Paces, A. Pavlícek, R. Zika, V. Kapitonov, J. Jurka et al., HERVd: the Human Endogenous RetroViruses Database: update, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.32, p.50, 2004.

A. Paiva and J. Casseb, Sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, Rev Soc Bras Med Trop, vol.47, pp.265-274, 2014.

M. A. Palladino, T. A. Johnson, R. Gupta, J. L. Chapman, and P. Ojha, Members of the Toll-Like Receptor Family of Innate Immunity Pattern-Recognition Receptors Are Abundant in the Male Rat Reproductive Tract1, Biol Reprod, vol.76, pp.958-964, 2007.

M. A. Palladino, M. A. Savarese, J. L. Chapman, M. K. Dughi, and D. Plaska, Localization of toll-like receptors on epididymal epithelial cells and spermatozoa, Am J Reprod Immunol, vol.60, pp.541-555, 2008.

C. Pallier, L. Tebourbi, S. Chopineau-proust, D. Schoevaert, P. Nordmann et al., Herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, human sperm and assisted fertilization, Hum Reprod, vol.17, pp.1281-1288, 2002.

M. A. Pando, I. C. Balan, C. Dolezal, R. Marone, V. Barreda et al., Low frequency of male circumcision and unwillingness to be circumcised among MSM in Buenos Aires, Argentina: association with sexually transmitted infections, J Int AIDS Soc, vol.16, p.18500, 2013.

T. Paprotka, K. A. Delviks-frankenberry, O. Cingoz, A. Martinez, H. Kung et al., , vol.333, pp.97-101, 2011.

C. Pasquier, L. Bujan, M. Daudin, L. Righi, L. Berges et al., Intermittent detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in semen from men with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HCV, J Med Virol, vol.69, pp.344-349, 2003.

C. Pasquier, M. Walschaerts, S. Raymond, N. Moinard, K. Saune et al., Patterns of residual HIV-1 RNA shedding in the seminal plasma of patients on effective antiretroviral therapy, Basic Clin Androl, vol.27, p.17, 2017.

P. Patel, C. B. Borkowf, J. T. Brooks, A. Lasry, A. Lansky et al., Estimating per-act HIV transmission risk: a systematic review, Aids, vol.28, pp.1509-1519, 2014.

B. K. Patterson, A. Landay, J. N. Siegel, Z. Flener, D. Pessis et al., Susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection of human foreskin and cervical tissue grown in explant culture, Am J Pathol, vol.161, pp.867-873, 2002.

G. Paz-bailey, E. S. Rosenberg, K. Doyle, J. Munoz-jordan, G. A. Santiago et al., Persistence of Zika Virus in Body Fluids -Preliminary Report, N Engl J Med, vol.380, pp.198-199, 2019.

G. Penna, F. Aquilano, B. Fibbi, L. Adorini, C. Crescioli et al., Human Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Stromal Cells As Inducers and Targets of Chronic Immuno-Mediated Inflammation, J Immunol, vol.182, pp.4056-4064, 2009.

C. Pérez, M. S. Theas, P. Jacobo, S. Jarazo-dietrich, V. A. Guazzone et al., Dual role of immune cells in the testis: Protective or pathogenic for germ cells, Spermatogenesis, vol.3, p.23870, 2013.

A. Perino, L. Giovannelli, R. Schillaci, G. Ruvolo, F. P. Fiorentino et al., Human papillomavirus infection in couples undergoing in vitro fertilization procedures: impact on reproductive outcomes, Fertil Steril, vol.95, pp.1845-1848, 2011.

C. H. Pernar, E. M. Ebot, K. M. Wilson, and L. A. Mucci, The Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer, Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, vol.8, p.30361, 2018.

D. L. Perry, L. M. Huzella, J. G. Bernbaum, M. R. Holbrook, P. B. Jahrling et al., Ebola Virus Localization in the Macaque Reproductive Tract during Acute Ebola Virus Disease, Am J Pathol, vol.188, pp.550-558, 2018.

E. Peterhans and M. Schweizer, BVDV: a pestivirus inducing tolerance of the innate immune response, Biologicals, vol.41, pp.39-51, 2013.

K. Peterson, J. Brinkhof, D. J. Houwers, B. Colenbrander, and B. M. Gadella, Presence of pro-lentiviral DNA in male sexual organs and ejaculates of small ruminants, Theriogenology, vol.69, pp.433-442, 2008.

R. M. Phillips, C. W. Foley, and P. D. Lukert, Isolation and characterization of viruses from semen and the reproductive tract of male swine, J-Am-Vet-Med-Assoc, vol.161, pp.1306-1488, 1972.

A. Pilatz, T. Discher, G. Lochnit, J. Wolf, H. C. Schuppe et al., Semen quality in HIV patients under stable antiretroviral therapy is impaired compared to WHO 2010 reference values and on sperm proteome level, Aids, vol.28, pp.875-880, 2014.

V. N. Pimenoff, C. M. De-oliveira, and I. G. Bravo, Transmission between Archaic and Modern Human Ancestors during the Evolution of the Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus 16, Mol Biol Evol, vol.34, pp.4-19, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02013830

J. A. Politch, K. H. Mayer, and D. J. Anderson, HIV-1 is undetectable in preejaculatory secretions from HIV-1-infected men on suppressive HAART, AIDS, vol.30, pp.1899-903, 2016.

J. A. Politch, K. H. Mayer, S. L. Welles, W. X. O'brien, C. Xu et al., Highly active antiretroviral therapy does not completely suppress HIV in semen of sexually active HIV-infected men who have sex with men, Aids, vol.26, pp.1535-1543, 2012.

C. Ponsart, N. Pozzi, E. Bréard, V. Catinot, G. Viard et al., Evidence of excretion of Schmallenberg virus in bull semen, Vet Res, vol.45, p.37, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01190013

R. Ponte, F. P. Dupuy, F. Brimo, V. Mehraj, P. Brassard et al., Characterization of myeloid cell populations in human testes collected after sex reassignment surgery, J Reprod Immunol, vol.125, pp.16-24, 2018.

E. Porter, H. Yang, S. Yavagal, G. C. Preza, O. Murillo et al., Distinct defensin profiles in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis reveal novel epithelial cell-neutrophil interactions, Infect Immun, vol.73, pp.4823-4856, 2005.

M. P. Posada-vergara, P. Montanheiro, L. Fukumori, F. Bonasser, A. J. Duarte et al., Clinical and epidemiological aspects of HTLV-II infection in São Paulo, Brazil: presence of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) simile diagnosis in HIV-1-co-infected subjects, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, vol.48, pp.207-217, 2006.

L. B. Price, C. M. Liu, K. E. Johnson, M. Aziz, M. K. Lau et al., The Effects of Circumcision on the Penis Microbiome, PLoS One, vol.5, p.8422, 2010.

C. Prieto and J. M. Castro, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in the boar: a review, Theriogenology, vol.63, pp.1-16, 2005.

J. L. Prodger, R. Gray, G. Kigozi, F. Nalugoda, R. Galiwango et al., Foreskin T-cell subsets differ substantially from blood with respect to HIV co-receptor expression, inflammatory profile and memory status, Mucosal Immunol, vol.5, pp.121-128, 2012.

J. L. Prodger, R. H. Gray, B. Shannon, K. Shahabi, X. Kong et al., Chemokine Levels in the Penile Coronal Sulcus Correlate with HIV-1 Acquisition and Are Reduced by Male Circumcision in Rakai, PLOS Pathog, vol.12, p.1006025, 2016.

J. Pudney and D. Anderson, Orchitis and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected cells in reproductive tissues from men with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome, Am J Pathol, vol.139, pp.149-160, 1991.

J. Pudney and D. Anderson, Innate and acquired immunity in the human penile urethra, J Reprod Immunol, vol.88, pp.219-227, 2011.

J. Pudney and D. J. Anderson, Expression of toll-like receptors in genital tract tissues from normal and HIVinfected men, Am J Reprod Immunol, vol.65, pp.28-43, 2011.

G. Puggioni, D. Pintus, E. Melzi, G. Meloni, A. M. Rocchigiani et al., Testicular degeneration and infertility following arbovirus infection, J Virol : JVI, pp.1131-1149, 2018.

M. P. Purdue, S. S. Devesa, A. J. Sigurdson, and K. A. Mcglynn, International patterns and trends in testis cancer incidence, Int J Cancer, vol.115, pp.822-827, 2005.

L. Qian, Q. Li, and H. Li, Effect of hepatitis B virus infection on sperm quality and oxidative stress state of the semen of infertile males, Am J Reprod Immunol, vol.76, pp.183-185, 2016.

A. A. Quintar, C. Leimgruber, O. A. Pessah, A. Doll, and C. A. Maldonado, Androgen depletion augments antibacterial prostate host defences in rats, Int J Androl, vol.35, pp.845-859, 2012.

A. A. Quintar and C. A. Maldonado, Androgen regulation of host defenses and response to inflammatory stimuli in the prostate gland, Cell Biol Int, vol.41, pp.1223-1233, 2017.

A. A. Quintar, F. D. Roth, D. Paul, A. L. Aoki, A. Maldonado et al., Toll-like receptor 4 in rat prostate: modulation by testosterone and acute bacterial infection in epithelial and stromal cells, Biol Reprod, vol.75, pp.664-72, 2006.

V. N. Raabe, G. Kann, B. S. Ribner, A. Morales, J. B. Varkey et al., Emory Serious Communicable Diseases Unit for the ESCD. Favipiravir and Ribavirin Treatment of Epidemiologically Linked Cases of Lassa Fever, Clin Infect Dis, vol.65, pp.855-859, 2017.

A. B. Raff, A. W. Woodham, L. M. Raff, J. G. Skeate, L. Yan et al., The Evolving Field of Human Papillomavirus Receptor Research: a Review of Binding and Entry, J Virol, vol.87, pp.6062-6072, 2013.

V. Rane and T. Read, Penile appearance, lumps and bumps, Aust Fam Physician, vol.42, pp.270-274, 2013.

N. Rascovan, R. Duraisamy, and C. Desnues, Metagenomics and the Human Virome in Asymptomatic Individuals, Annu Rev Microbiol, vol.70, pp.125-166, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01459759

F. Redelsperger, N. Raddi, A. Bacquin, C. Vernochet, V. Mariot et al., Genetic Evidence That Captured Retroviral Envelope syncytins Contribute to Myoblast Fusion and Muscle Sexual Dimorphism in Mice, PLOS Genet, vol.12, p.1006289, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01399916

R. Hofny, E. M. , E. Ali, M. M. Taha, E. A. Nafeh et al., Semen and hormonal parameters in men with chronic hepatitis C infection, Fertil Steril, vol.95, pp.2557-2559, 2011.

A. Riccioli, D. Starace, R. Galli, A. Fuso, S. Scarpa et al., Sertoli cells initiate testicular innate immune responses through TLR activation, J Immunol, vol.177, pp.7122-7152, 2006.

M. Rintala, P. P. Pöllänen, V. P. Nikkanen, S. E. Grénman, and S. M. Syrjänen, Human Papillomavirus DNA Is Found in the Vas Deferens, J Infect Dis, vol.185, pp.1664-1667, 2002.

G. A. Ritterbusch, C. Rocha, N. Mores, N. L. Simon, E. L. Zanella et al., Natural co-infection of torque teno virus and porcine circovirus 2 in the reproductive apparatus of swine, Res Vet Sci, vol.92, pp.519-523, 2011.

J. F. Rivera-benitez, R. Martínez-bautista, A. Pérez-torres, C. García-contreras-a-del, J. Reyes-leyva et al., Persistence of porcine rubulavirus in experimentally infected boars, vol.162, pp.491-498, 2013.

N. R. Roan, S. Chu, H. Liu, J. Neidleman, H. E. Witkowska et al., Interaction of fibronectin with semen amyloids synergistically enhances HIV infection, J Infect Dis, vol.210, pp.1062-1068, 2014.

N. R. Roan, H. Liu, S. M. Usmani, J. Neidleman, J. A. Muller et al., Liquefaction of semen generates and later degrades a conserved semenogelin peptide that enhances HIV infection, J Virol, vol.88, pp.7221-7234, 2014.

N. R. Roan, J. A. Muller, H. Liu, S. Chu, F. Arnold et al., Peptides released by physiological cleavage of semen coagulum proteins form amyloids that enhance HIV infection, Cell Host Microbe, vol.10, pp.541-550, 2011.

C. Roberts, Genital herpes in young adults: changing sexual behaviours, epidemiology and management, Herpes, vol.12, pp.10-14, 2005.

S. A. Robertson, D. Ph, D. J. Sharkey, and D. Ph, Seminal fluid and fertility in women, Fertil Steril, vol.106, pp.511-519, 2016.

C. L. Robinson, A. Chong, A. W. Ashbrook, G. Jeng, J. J. Chen et al., Male germ cells support long-term propagation of Zika virus, Nat Commun, vol.9, p.2090, 2018.

V. Rodrigues, N. Ruffin, M. San-roman, P. Benaroch, and . Myeloid, Cell Interaction with HIV: A Complex Relationship. Front Immunol, vol.8, p.1698, 2017.

L. L. Rodriguez, A. De-roo, Y. Guimard, S. G. Trappier, A. Sanchez et al., Persistence and genetic stability of Ebola virus during the outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, J Infect Dis, vol.179, pp.170-176, 1995.

B. Roizman, D. M. Knipe, and W. R. Herpesviridae, Fields Virology, 2013.

L. Rosa, A. M. Zunt, J. R. Peinado, J. Lama, J. R. Ton et al., Retroviral Infection in Peruvian Men Who Have Sex with Men, Clin Infect Dis, vol.49, pp.112-117, 2009.

R. De-rose, C. S. Fernandez, M. P. Hedger, S. J. Kent, and W. R. Winnall, Characterisation of macaque testicular leucocyte populations and T-lymphocyte immunity, J Reprod Immunol, vol.100, pp.146-156, 2013.

E. S. Rosenberg, K. Doyle, J. L. Munoz-jordan, L. Klein, L. Adams et al., Prevalence and incidence of Zika virus infection among household contacts of patients with Zika virus disease, J Infect Dis, vol.220, pp.932-939, 2018.

K. Rothaeusler, Z. Ma, H. Qureshi, T. D. Carroll, T. Rourke et al., Antiviral antibodies and T cells are present in the foreskin of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques, J Virol, vol.86, pp.7098-106, 2012.

D. F. Roucoux and E. L. Murphy, The epidemiology and disease outcomes of human T-lymphotropic virus type II, AIDS Rev, vol.6, pp.144-54, 2004.

V. Roulet, A. P. Satie, A. Ruffault, L. Tortorec, A. Denis et al., Susceptibility of human testis to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in situ and in vitro, Am J Pathol, vol.169, pp.2094-2103, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00653727

A. K. Rowe, J. Bertolli, A. S. Khan, R. Mukunu, J. J. Muyembe-tamfum et al., Clinical, virologic, and immunologic follow-up of convalescent Ebola hemorrhagic fever patients and their household contacts, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Commission de Lutte contre les Epidemies a Kikwit, J Infect Dis, vol.179, pp.28-35, 1999.

H. M. Rowe and D. Trono, Dynamic control of endogenous retroviruses during development, Virology, 2011.

R. A. Royce, A. Sena, C. W. Cohen, and M. S. , Sexual transmission of HIV, N Engl J Med, vol.336, pp.1072-1078, 1997.

S. Rubin, M. Eckhaus, L. J. Rennick, C. G. Bamford, and W. P. Duprex, Molecular biology, pathogenesis and pathology of mumps virus, J Pathol, vol.235, pp.242-52, 2015.

F. Ruiz-fons, D. Gonzalez-barrio, F. Aguilar-rios, A. J. Soler, J. J. Garde et al., Infectious pathogens potentially transmitted by semen of the black variety of the Manchega sheep breed: Health constraints for conservation purposes, Anim Reprod Sci, vol.149, pp.152-157, 2014.

C. L. Russo, S. Spurr-michaud, A. Tisdale, J. Pudney, D. Anderson et al., Mucin gene expression in human male urogenital tract epithelia, Hum Reprod, vol.21, pp.2783-2793, 2006.

J. Sabatte, W. Faigle, A. Ceballos, W. Morelle, C. R. Rodrigues et al., Semen clusterin is a novel DC-SIGN ligand, J Immunol, vol.187, pp.5299-5309, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00871196

S. Sabeena, P. Bhat, V. Kamath, S. K. Bhat, S. Nair et al., Community-Based Prevalence of Genital Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Infection: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, vol.18, pp.145-154, 2017.

A. De-saint-jean, F. Lucht, T. Bourlet, and O. Delézay, Transforming growth factor beta 1 up-regulates CD169 (sialoadhesin) expression on monocyte-derived dendritic cells: role in HIV sexual transmission, AIDS, vol.28, pp.2375-80, 2014.

M. Samanta, L. Harkins, K. Klemm, W. J. Britt, and C. S. Cobbs, High prevalence of human cytomegalovirus in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic carcinoma, J Urol, vol.170, pp.998-1002, 2003.

R. J. Samulski, X. Zhu, X. X. Brook, J. D. Housman, D. E. Epstein et al., Targeted integration of adeno-associated virus (AAV) into human chromosome 19, EMBO J, vol.10, pp.3941-50, 1991.

A. P. Satie, S. Mazaud-guittot, I. Seif, D. Mahe, Z. He et al., Excess type I interferon signaling in the mouse seminiferous tubules leads to germ cell loss and sterility, J Biol Chem, vol.286, pp.23280-23295, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00682893

Q. Sattentau, Avoiding the void: cell-to-cell spread of human viruses, Nat Rev Microbiol, vol.6, pp.815-826, 2008.

A. Sauerbrei, Herpes Genitalis: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention, Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd, vol.76, pp.1310-1317, 2016.

D. Saxena, Y. Li, L. Yang, P. Z. Poles, M. Abrams et al., Human Microbiome and HIV/AIDS, Curr HIV/AIDS Rep, vol.9, pp.44-51, 2012.

T. Schacker, A. J. Ryncarz, J. Goddard, K. Diem, M. Shaughnessy et al., Frequent recovery of HIV-1 from genital herpes simplex virus lesions in HIV-1-infected men, Jama, vol.280, pp.61-66, 1998.

M. Schelhaas, M. Jansen, I. Haase, and D. Knebel-mörsdorf, Herpes simplex virus type 1 exhibits a tropism for basal entry in polarized epithelial cells, J Gen Virol, vol.84, pp.2473-2484, 2003.

J. T. Schiffer and L. Corey, Rapid host immune response and viral dynamics in herpes simplex virus-2 infection, Nat Med, vol.19, pp.280-90, 2013.

B. G. Schindell, A. L. Webb, and J. Kindrachuk, Persistence and Sexual Transmission of Filoviruses, Viruses, vol.10, p.683, 2018.

K. Schmitt, J. Reichrath, A. Roesch, E. Meese, and J. Mayer, Transcriptional profiling of human endogenous retrovirus group HERV-K(HML-2) loci in melanoma, Genome Biol Evol, vol.5, pp.307-328, 2013.

J. W. Schoggins and C. M. Rice, Interferon-stimulated genes and their antiviral effector functions, Curr Opin Virol, vol.1, pp.519-525, 2011.

G. B. Schreiber, E. L. Murphy, J. A. Horton, D. J. Wright, R. Garfein et al., Risk factors for human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV-I and -II) in blood donors: the Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study. NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol, vol.14, pp.263-71, 1997.

H. Schuppe, A. Meinhardt, J. P. Allam, M. Bergmann, W. Weidner et al., Chronic orchitis: a neglected cause of male infertility, Andrologia, vol.40, pp.84-91, 2008.

L. Schwarz, C. Riedel, S. Högler, L. J. Sinn, T. Voglmayr et al., Congenital infection with atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is associated with disease and viral persistence, Vet Res, vol.48, p.1, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01499733

I. Sciamanna, P. Vitullo, A. Curatolo, and C. Spadafora, A reverse transcriptase-dependent mechanism is essential for murine preimplantation development, Genes (Basel), vol.2, pp.360-73, 2011.

M. Semet, M. Paci, J. Saïas-magnan, C. Metzler-guillemain, R. Boissier et al., The impact of drugs on male fertility: a review, Andrology, vol.5, pp.640-663, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01681630

A. E. Semprini, T. Persico, V. Thiers, M. Oneta, R. Tuveri et al., Absence of hepatitis C virus and detection of hepatitis G virus/GB virus C RNA sequences in the semen of infected men, J Infect Dis, vol.177, pp.848-854, 1998.

A. Sennepin, S. Cristofari, M. Bomsel, M. Duvivier, M. Revol et al., The Human Penis Is a Genuine Immunological Effector Site, Front Immunol, vol.8, pp.1-18, 2017.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02348410

M. Sergerie, R. Mieusset, F. Croute, M. Daudin, and L. Bujan, High risk of temporary alteration of semen parameters after recent acute febrile illness, Fertil Steril, vol.88, pp.970-971, 2007.

T. Shang, X. Zhang, T. Wang, B. Sun, T. Deng et al., Toll-like receptor-initiated testicular innate immune responses in mouse Leydig cells, Endocrinology, vol.152, pp.2827-2863, 2011.

Y. Shang, H. Wang, P. Jia, H. Zhao, C. Liu et al., Autophagy regulates spermatid differentiation via degradation of PDLIM1, Autophagy, vol.12, pp.1575-1592, 2016.

D. J. Sharkey, A. M. Macpherson, K. P. Tremellen, D. G. Mottershead, R. B. Gilchrist et al., TGFbeta mediates proinflammatory seminal fluid signaling in human cervical epithelial cells, J Immunol, vol.189, pp.1024-1035, 2012.

D. J. Sharkey, K. P. Tremellen, M. J. Jasper, K. Gemzell-danielsson, and S. A. Robertson, Seminal Fluid Induces Leukocyte Recruitment and Cytokine and Chemokine mRNA Expression in the Human Cervix after Coitus, J Immunol, vol.188, pp.2445-2454, 2012.

I. D. Sharlip, J. P. Jarow, A. M. Belker, L. I. Lipshultz, M. Sigman et al., Best practice policies for male infertility, Fertil Steril, vol.77, pp.873-882, 2002.

M. Shehu-xhilaga, S. Kent, J. Batten, S. Ellis, J. Van-der-meulen et al., The testis and epididymis are productively infected by SIV and SHIV in juvenile macaques during the post-acute stage of infection, Retrovirology, vol.4, p.7, 2007.

R. Shen, H. E. Richter, and P. D. Smith, Interactions between HIV-1 and mucosal cells in the female reproductive tract, Am J Reprod Immunol, vol.71, pp.608-617, 2014.

Z. Sheng, N. Gao, Z. Wang, X. Cui, D. Zhou et al., Sertoli Cells Are Susceptible to ZIKV Infection in Mouse Testis, Front Cell Infect Microbiol, vol.7, p.272, 2017.

P. M. Sheth, A. Danesh, A. Sheung, A. Rebbapragada, K. Shahabi et al., Disproportionately high semen shedding of HIV is associated with compartmentalized cytomegalovirus reactivation, J Infect Dis, vol.193, pp.45-48, 2006.

P. M. Sheth, C. Kovacs, K. S. Kemal, R. B. Jones, J. M. Raboud et al., Persistent HIV RNA shedding in semen despite effective antiretroviral therapy, AIDS, vol.23, pp.2050-2054, 2009.

K. Shigehara, T. Sasagawa, S. Kawaguchi, Y. Kobori, T. Nakashima et al., Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in the urinary tract of men with urethritis, Int J Urol, vol.17, pp.563-568, 2010.

H. Shin and A. Iwasaki, Tissue-resident memory T cells, Immunol Rev, vol.255, pp.165-181, 2013.

J. H. Shin and T. W. Molitor, Localization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in boars by in situ riboprobe hybridization, J Vet Sci, vol.3, pp.87-96, 2002.

W. W. Shum, T. B. Smith, V. Cortez-retamozo, L. S. Grigoryeva, J. W. Roy et al., Epithelial Basal Cells Are Distinct from Dendritic Cells and Macrophages in the Mouse Epididymis1, Biol Reprod, vol.90, p.90, 2014.

D. N. Siemann, D. P. Strange, P. N. Maharaj, P. Shi, and S. Verma, Zika Virus Infects Human Sertoli Cells and Modulates the Integrity of the In Vitro Blood-Testis Barrier Model, J Virol, vol.91, pp.623-640, 2017.

M. Silasi, I. Cardenas, J. Kwon, K. Racicot, A. P. Mor et al., Viral infections during pregnancy, Am J Reprod Immunol, vol.73, pp.199-213, 2015.

E. Silva, H. Osório, and G. Thompson, Hepatitis C-like viruses are produced in cells from rabbit and hare, DNA. Sci Rep, vol.5, p.14535, 2015.

D. Silva, N. Cortez-retamozo, V. Reinecker, H. C. Wildgruber, M. Hill et al., A dense network of dendritic cells populates the murine epididymis, Reproduction, vol.141, pp.653-663, 2011.

J. Silver, A. Rabson, T. Bryan, R. Willey, and M. A. Martin, Human retroviral sequences on the Y chromosome, Mol Cell Biol, vol.7, pp.1559-62, 1987.

H. S. Sin, E. Koh, D. S. Kim, M. Murayama, K. Sugimoto et al., Human endogenous retrovirus K14C drove genomic diversification of the Y chromosome during primate evolution, J Hum Genet, vol.55, pp.717-742, 2010.

D. Sissoko, S. Duraffour, R. Kerber, J. S. Kolie, A. H. Beavogui et al., Persistence and clearance of Ebola virus RNA from seminal fluid of Ebola virus disease survivors: a longitudinal analysis and modelling study, Lancet Glob Heal, vol.5, pp.80-88, 2017.

N. E. Skakkebaek, E. Rajpert-de-meyts, B. Louis, G. M. Toppari, J. Andersson et al., Male Reproductive Disorders and Fertility Trends: Influences of Environment and Genetic Susceptibility, Physiol Rev, vol.96, pp.55-97, 2016.

V. Smelov, D. Bzhalava, L. Sara, A. Mühr, C. Eklund et al., Detection of DNA viruses in prostate cancer, Sci Rep, vol.6, p.25235, 2016.

D. H. Smith, B. K. Johnson, M. Isaacson, R. Swanapoel, K. M. Johnson et al., Marburg-virus disease in Kenya, Lancet, vol.1, pp.816-836, 1982.

D. M. Smith, J. D. Kingery, J. K. Wong, C. C. Ignacio, D. D. Richman et al., The prostate as a reservoir for HIV-1, AIDS, vol.18, pp.1600-1602, 2004.

R. D. Smith, S. Konoplev, G. Decourten-myers, and T. Brown, West Nile virus encephalitis with myositis and orchitis, Hum Pathol, vol.35, pp.254-258, 2004.

M. C. Sneller, C. Reilly, M. Badio, R. J. Bishop, A. O. Eghrari et al., A Longitudinal Study of Ebola Sequelae in Liberia, N Engl J Med, vol.380, pp.924-934, 2019.

J. Sobngwi-tambekou, D. Taljaard, P. Lissouba, K. Zarca, A. Puren et al., Effect of HSV-2 serostatus on acquisition of HIV by young men: results of a longitudinal study in Orange Farm, South Africa, J Infect Dis, vol.199, pp.958-64, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00375883

K. Søe, T. L. Andersen, A. Hobolt-pedersen, B. Bjerregaard, L. Larsson et al., Involvement of human endogenous retroviral syncytin-1 in human osteoclast fusion, Bone, vol.48, pp.837-846, 2011.

M. J. Soka, M. J. Choi, A. Baller, S. White, E. Rogers et al., Prevention of sexual transmission of Ebola in Liberia through a national semen testing and counselling programme for survivors: an analysis of Ebola virus RNA results and behavioural data, Lancet Glob Heal, vol.4, pp.736-779, 2016.

M. Solis, H. Ramirez-mendoza, C. Mercado, S. Espinosa, V. Vallejo et al., Semen alterations in porcine rubulavirus-infected boars are related to viral excretion and have implications for artificial insemination, Res Vet Sci, vol.83, pp.403-409, 2007.

W. Song, D. He, I. Brill, R. Malhotra, J. Mulenga et al., Disparate Associations of HLA Class I Markers with HIV-1 Acquisition and Control of Viremia in an African Population, PLoS One, vol.6, p.23469, 2011.

M. H. Soomro, R. Shi, R. She, Y. Yang, T. Wang et al., Molecular and structural changes related to hepatitis E virus antigen and its expression in testis inducing apoptosis in Mongolian gerbil model, J Viral Hepat, vol.24, pp.696-707, 2017.

C. Spadafora, Sperm-Mediated Transgenerational Inheritance. Front Microbiol, vol.8, p.2401, 2017.

P. G. Spear and R. Longnecker, Herpesvirus entry: an update, J Virol, vol.77, pp.10179-85, 2003.

M. A. Stanley, Epithelial Cell Responses to Infection with Human Papillomavirus, Clin Microbiol Rev, vol.25, pp.215-222, 2012.

D. Starace, R. Galli, A. Paone, P. De-cesaris, A. Filippini et al., Toll-like receptor 3 activation induces antiviral immune responses in mouse sertoli cells, Biol Reprod, vol.79, pp.766-775, 2008.

L. Stassen, C. Armitage, D. Van-der-heide, K. Beagley, and F. Frentiu, Zika Virus in the Male Reproductive Tract, Viruses, vol.10, 2018.

Y. Stauffer, G. Theiler, P. Sperisen, Y. Lebedev, and C. V. Jongeneel, Digital expression profiles of human endogenous retroviral families in normal and cancerous tissues, Cancer Immun, vol.4, issue.2, 2004.

M. J. Stax, T. Van-montfort, R. R. Sprenger, M. Melchers, R. W. Sanders et al., Mucin 6 in seminal plasma binds DC-SIGN and potently blocks dendritic cell mediated transfer of HIV-1 to CD4(+) T-lymphocytes, Virology, vol.391, pp.203-214, 2009.

G. Steiner, A. Gessl, G. Kramer, A. Schollhammer, O. Forster et al., Phenotype and function of peripheral and prostatic lymphocytes in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, J Urol, vol.151, pp.480-484, 1994.

D. E. Stephanopoulos, M. G. Myers, and D. I. Bernstein, Genital infections due to herpes simplex virus type 2 in male guinea pigs, J Infect Dis, vol.159, pp.89-95, 1989.

D. J. Stieh, E. Matias, H. Xu, A. J. Fought, J. L. Blanchard et al., Th17 Cells Are Preferentially Infected Very Early after Vaginal Transmission of SIV in Macaques, Cell Host Microbe, vol.19, pp.529-569, 2016.

S. Stoll-becker, R. Repp, D. Glebe, S. Schaefer, J. Kreuder et al., Transcription of hepatitis B virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from persistently infected patients, J Virol, vol.71, pp.5399-407, 1997.

A. Strand, A. Vahlne, B. Svennerholm, J. Wallin, and E. Lycke, Asymptomatic virus shedding in men with genital herpes infection, Scand J Infect Dis, vol.18, pp.195-202, 1986.

D. P. Strange, R. Green, D. N. Siemann, M. Gale, and S. Verma, Immunoprofiles of human Sertoli cells infected with Zika virus reveals unique insights into host-pathogen crosstalk, Sci Rep, vol.8, p.8702, 2018.

F. H. Su, S. N. Chang, F. C. Sung, C. T. Su, Y. H. Shieh et al., Hepatitis B virus infection and the risk of male infertility: A population-based analysis, Fertil Steril, vol.102, pp.1677-1684, 2014.

B. Sun, N. Qi, T. Shang, H. Wu, T. Deng et al., Sertoli Cell-Initiated Testicular Innate Immune Response through Toll-Like Receptor-3 Activation Is Negatively Regulated by Tyro3, Axl, and Mer Receptors, Endocrinology, vol.151, pp.2886-2897, 2010.

X. Q. Sun, C. Xu, P. Leclerc, G. Benoît, F. Giuliano et al., Spinal neurons involved in the control of the seminal vesicles: a transsynaptic labeling study using pseudorabies virus in rats, Neuroscience, vol.158, pp.786-97, 2009.

A. Svec, I. Miky?ková, O. Hes, R. Tachezy, A. ?vec et al., Human Papillomavirus Infection of the Epididymis and Ductus Deferens An Evaluation by Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction, Arch Pathol Lab Med, vol.127, pp.1471-1474, 2003.

J. T. Syverton and W. F. Scherer, Studies on the propagation in vitro of poliomyelitis viruses. I. Viral multiplications in tissue cultures employing monkey and human testicular cells, J Exp Med, vol.95, pp.355-67, 1952.

A. Tachet, E. Dulioust, D. Salmon, D. Almeida, M. Rivalland et al., Detection and quantification of HIV-1 in semen: identification of a subpopulation of men at high potential risk of viral sexual transmission, Aids, vol.13, pp.823-831, 1999.

K. Tanaka-taya, J. Sashihara, H. Kurahashi, K. Amo, H. Miyagawa et al., Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is transmitted from parent to child in an integrated form and characterization of cases with chromosomally integrated HHV-6 DNA, J Med Virol, vol.73, pp.465-473, 2004.

Q. Tang, N. R. Roan, and Y. Yamamura, Seminal Plasma and Semen Amyloids Enhance Cytomegalovirus Infection in Cell Culture, J Virol, vol.87, pp.12583-12591, 2013.

R. E. Tarlinton, J. Meers, and P. R. Young, Retroviral invasion of the koala genome, Nature, vol.442, pp.79-81, 2006.

M. L. Taylor, A. G. Mainous, and B. J. Wells, Prostate cancer and sexually transmitted diseases: a meta-analysis, Fam Med, vol.37, pp.506-518, 2005.

T. J. Taylor, M. A. Brockman, E. E. Mcnamee, and D. M. Knipe, Herpes simplex virus, Front Biosci, vol.7, pp.752-64, 2002.

J. P. Tearle, K. C. Smith, M. S. Boyle, M. M. Binns, G. J. Livesay et al., Replication of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in the testes and epididymides of ponies and venereal shedding of infectious virus, J-Comp-Pathol, vol.115, pp.385-9975, 1996.

M. C. Tellier, G. Greco, M. Klotman, A. Mosoian, A. Cara et al., Superfibronectin, a multimeric form of fibronectin, increases HIV infection of primary CD4+ T lymphocytes, J Immunol, vol.164, pp.3236-3281, 2000.

C. Terpstra and G. Wensvoort, A congenital persistent infection of bovine virus diarrhoea virus in pigs: clinical, virological and immunological observations, Vet Q, vol.19, pp.97-101, 1997.

B. J. Thacker, R. E. Larsen, H. S. Joo, and A. D. Leman, Swine diseases transmissible with artificial insemination, J-Am-Vet-Med-Assoc, vol.185, pp.511-1488, 1984.

M. S. Theas, C. Rival, S. Jarazo-dietrich, P. Jacobo, V. A. Guazzone et al., Tumour necrosis factor-released by testicular macrophages induces apoptosis of germ cells in autoimmune orchitis, Hum Reprod, vol.23, pp.1865-1872, 2008.

M. Theiler, Spontaneous encephalomyelitis of mice, a new virus disease, J Exp Med, vol.65, pp.705-724, 1937.

G. Theyer, G. Kramer, I. Assmann, E. Sherwood, W. Preinfalk et al., Phenotypic characterization of infiltrating leukocytes in benign prostatic hyperplasia, Lab Invest, vol.66, pp.96-107, 1992.

P. J. Timoney, W. H. Mccollum, A. W. Roberts, and T. W. Murphy, Demonstration of the carrier state in naturally acquired equine arteritis virus infection in the stallion, Res Vet Sci, vol.41, pp.279-280, 1986.

A. A. Tobian and T. C. Quinn, Herpes simplex virus type 2 and syphilis infections with HIV: an evolving synergy in transmission and prevention, Curr Opin HIV AIDS, vol.4, pp.294-299, 2009.

A. Tobian, G. Kigozi, P. E. Gravitt, C. Xiao, D. Serwadda et al., Human papillomavirus incidence and clearance among HIVpositive and HIV-negative men in sub-Saharan Africa, AIDS, vol.26, pp.1555-1565, 2012.

A. Tobian, D. Serwadda, T. C. Quinn, G. Kigozi, P. E. Gravitt et al., Male Circumcision for the Prevention of HSV-2 and HPV Infections and Syphilis, N Engl J Med, vol.360, pp.1298-1309, 2009.

A. B. Tompkins, P. Hutchinson, D. M. De-kretser, and M. P. Hedger, Characterization of lymphocytes in the adult rat testis by flow cytometry: effects of activin and transforming growth factor beta on lymphocyte subsets in vitro, Biol Reprod, vol.58, pp.943-51, 1998.

J. Torres-flores and C. Arias, Tight Junctions Go Viral! Viruses, vol.7, pp.5145-5154, 2015.

L. Torres, T. Ortiz, and Q. Tang, Enhancement of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection by seminal plasma and semen amyloids implicates a new target for the prevention of HSV infection, Viruses, vol.7, pp.2057-73, 2015.

L. Tortorec, A. Dejucq-rainsford, and N. , HIV infection of the male genital tract--consequences for sexual transmission and reproduction, Int J Androl, vol.33, pp.98-108, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00516571

L. Tortorec, A. Denis, H. Satie, A. P. Patard, J. J. Ruffault et al., Antiviral responses of human Leydig cells to mumps virus infection or poly I:C stimulation, Hum Reprod, vol.23, pp.2095-2103, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00523314

L. Tortorec, A. , L. Grand, R. Denis, H. Satie et al., Infection of semen-producing organs by SIV during the acute and chronic stages of the disease, PLoS One, vol.3, p.1792, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00521466

L. Tortorec, A. Satie, A. P. Denis, H. Rioux-leclercq, N. Havard et al., Human prostate supports more efficient replication of HIV-1 R5 than X4 strains ex vivo, Retrovirology, vol.5, p.119, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00354718

R. G. Traub, D. L. Madden, D. A. Fuccillo, and T. W. Mclean, The male as a reservoir of infection with cytomegalovirus, herpes and mycoplasma, N Engl J Med, vol.289, pp.697-698, 1973.

K. A. Tsetsarkin, O. A. Maximova, G. Liu, H. Kenney, N. Teterina et al., Routes of Zika virus dissemination in the testis and epididymis of immunodeficient mice, Nat Commun, vol.9, p.5350, 2018.

C. Tsigos, D. A. Papanicolaou, I. Kyrou, S. A. Raptis, and G. P. Chrousos, Dose-dependent effects of recombinant human interleukin-6 on the pituitary-testicular axis, J Interferon Cytokine Res, vol.19, pp.1271-1277, 1999.

K. Tung, J. Harakal, H. Qiao, C. Rival, J. Li et al., Egress of sperm autoantigen from seminiferous tubules maintains systemic tolerance, J Clin Invest, vol.127, pp.1046-1060, 2017.

A. P. Turchetti, J. J. Paniago, L. F. Da-costa, J. C. Da-cruz, G. F. Braz et al., Distribution of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus provirus, RNA, and antigen in the reproductive tract of one naturally and seven experimentally infected bucks, Theriogenology, vol.80, pp.933-939, 2013.

S. S. Turner, S. Gianella, M. J. Yip, W. O. Van-seggelen, R. D. Gillies et al., Shedding of Hepatitis C Virus in Semen of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Men, Open Forum Infect Dis, vol.3, p.57, 2016.

, UNAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics, 2018.

R. Uraki, J. Hwang, K. A. Jurado, S. Householder, L. J. Yockey et al., Zika virus causes testicular atrophy, Sci Adv, vol.3, p.1602899, 2017.

R. Uraki, K. A. Jurado, J. Hwang, K. Szigeti-buck, T. L. Horvath et al., Fetal Growth Restriction Caused by Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus in Mice, J Infect Dis, vol.215, pp.1720-1724, 2017.

T. M. Uyeki, B. R. Erickson, S. Brown, A. K. Mcelroy, D. Cannon et al., Ebola Virus Persistence in Semen of Male Survivors, Clin Infect Dis, vol.62, pp.1552-1555, 2016.

M. Väisänen, T. Väisänen, A. Jukkola-vuorinen, K. S. Vuopala, R. Desmond et al., Vaarala, vol.70, pp.817-841, 2010.

T. Vanbinst, F. Vandenbussche, E. Dernelle, D. Clercq, and K. , A duplex real-time RT-PCR for the detection of bluetongue virus in bovine semen, J Virol Methods, vol.169, pp.162-168, 2010.

C. Vanpouille, A. Introini, S. R. Morris, L. Margolis, E. S. Daar et al., Distinct cytokine/chemokine network in semen and blood characterize different stages of HIV infection, AIDS, vol.30, pp.193-201, 2016.

P. Vernazza and E. Bernard, HIV is not transmitted under fully suppressive therapy: The Swiss Statementeight years later, Swiss Med Wkly, vol.146, 2016.

V. Vernekar, S. Velhal, and A. Bandivdekar, Evaluation of cystatin C activities against HIV, Indian J Med Res, vol.141, pp.423-453, 2015.

E. Verrier, C. Colpitts, C. Schuster, M. Zeisel, and T. Baumert, Cell Culture Models for the Investigation of Hepatitis B and D Virus Infection, Viruses, vol.8, p.261, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02444515

P. Vetter, W. A. Fischer, M. Schibler, M. Jacobs, D. G. Bausch et al., Ebola Virus Shedding and Transmission: Review of Current Evidence, J Infect Dis, vol.214, pp.177-184, 2016.

L. Vignera, S. Condorelli, R. A. Vicari, E. , R. Calogero et al., Sperm DNA damage in patients with chronic viral C hepatitis, Eur J Intern Med, vol.23, pp.19-24, 2012.

L. Vignera, S. Vicari, E. Condorelli, R. A. , D. 'agata et al., Male accessory gland infection and sperm parameters (review), Int J Androl, vol.34, pp.330-347, 2011.

J. E. Vinson, J. M. Drake, P. Rohani, and A. W. Park, The potential for sexual transmission to compromise control of Ebola virus outbreaks, Biol Lett, vol.12, 2016.

R. J. Visalli, R. J. Courtney, and C. Meyers, Infection and Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in an Organotypic Epithelial Culture System, Virology, vol.230, pp.236-243, 1997.

H. Voges, G. W. Horner, S. Rowe, and G. J. Wellenberg, Persistent bovine pestivirus infection localized in the testes of an immuno-competent, non-viraemic bull, Vet Microbiol, vol.61, pp.165-175, 1998.

H. E. Volkman and D. B. Stetson, The enemy within: endogenous retroelements and autoimmune disease, Nat Immunol, vol.15, pp.415-422, 2014.

N. Vonesch, A. Binazzi, M. Bonafede, P. Melis, A. Ruggieri et al., Emerging zoonotic viral infections of occupational health importance, 2019.

T. Vuorinen, R. Osterback, J. Kuisma, and P. Ylipalosaari, Epididymitis caused by coxsackievirus A6 in association with hand, foot, and mouth disease, J Clin Microbiol, vol.52, pp.4412-4415, 2014.

E. Wahome, C. Ngetsa, J. Mwambi, H. C. Gelderblom, G. O. Manyonyi et al., Hepatitis B Virus Incidence and Risk Factors Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Negative Men Who Have Sex With Men in Kenya, Open forum Infect Dis, vol.4, p.253, 2017.

J. Walter, H. J. Balzer, C. Seeh, K. Fey, U. Bleul et al., Venereal shedding of equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) in naturally infected stallions, J Vet Intern Med, vol.26, pp.1500-1504, 2012.

D. Wang, L. Li, Z. Hou, X. Kang, Q. Xie et al., The integrated HIV-1 provirus in patient sperm chromosome and its transfer into the early embryo by fertilization, PLoS One, vol.6, p.28586, 2011.

P. Wang and Y. Duan, The role of dendritic cells in male reproductive tract, Am J Reprod Immunol, vol.76, pp.186-192, 2016.

T. Wang, X. Zhang, Q. Chen, T. Deng, Y. Zhang et al., Toll-like receptor 3-initiated antiviral responses in mouse male germ cells in vitro, Biol Reprod, vol.86, p.106, 2012.

K. N. Ward, H. N. Leong, E. P. Nacheva, J. Howard, C. E. Atkinson et al., Human herpesvirus 6 chromosomal integration in immunocompetent patients results in high levels of viral DNA in blood, sera, and hair follicles, J Clin Microbiol, vol.44, pp.1571-1575, 2006.

S. Watanabe, M. Kanatsu-shinohara, N. Ogonuki, S. Matoba, A. Ogura et al., In Vivo Genetic Manipulation of Spermatogonial Stem Cells and Their Microenvironment by Adeno-Associated Viruses, Stem Cell Reports, vol.10, pp.1551-1564, 2018.

Y. Wei, H. Schatten, and Q. Y. Sun, Environmental epigenetic inheritance through gametes and implications for human reproduction, Hum Reprod Update, vol.21, pp.194-208, 2015.

W. Weidner, A. Pilatz, T. Diemer, H. C. Schuppe, A. Rusz et al., Male urogenital infections: impact of infection and inflammation on ejaculate parameters, World J Urol, vol.31, pp.717-723, 2013.

N. J. Whitaker, W. K. Glenn, A. Sahrudin, M. M. Orde, W. Delprado et al., Human papillomavirus and Epstein Barr virus in prostate cancer: Koilocytes indicate potential oncogenic influences of human papillomavirus in prostate cancer, Prostate, vol.73, pp.236-241, 2013.

S. Whitmer, J. T. Ladner, M. R. Wiley, K. Patel, G. Dudas et al.,

, Active Ebola Virus Replication and Heterogeneous Evolutionary Rates in EVD Survivors, Cell Rep, vol.22, pp.1159-1168, 2018.

, WHO | New data on male circumcision and HIV prevention:Research implications for policy and programming, WHO/UNAIDS. Montreux: World Health Organization, 2007.

, WHO. Herpes simplex virus, 2019.

. Who, . Hiv, and . Key, , 2019.

L. Wichmann, A. Vaalasti, T. Vaalasti, and P. Tuohimaa, Localization of lactoferrin in the male reproductive tract, Int J Androl, vol.12, pp.179-86, 1989.

J. H. Wildschutte, Z. H. Williams, M. Montesion, R. P. Subramanian, J. M. Kidd et al., Discovery of unfixed endogenous retrovirus insertions in diverse human populations, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.113, pp.2326-2360, 2016.

S. Willey, V. Roulet, J. D. Reeves, M. L. Kergadallan, E. Thomas et al., Human Leydig cells are productively infected by some HIV-2 and SIV strains but not by HIV-1, AIDS, vol.17, pp.183-188, 2003.

W. R. Winnall and M. P. Hedger, Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of the testicular macrophage population: a new regulatory model, J Reprod Immunol, vol.97, pp.147-158, 2013.

W. R. Winnall, S. B. Lloyd, D. Rose, R. Alcantara, S. Amarasena et al., Simian immunodeficiency virus infection and immune responses in the pig-tailed macaque testis, J Leukoc Biol, vol.97, pp.599-609, 2015.

A. Witteck, S. Yerly, and P. Vernazza, Unusually high HIV infectiousness in an HIV-, HCV-and HSV-2-coinfected heterosexual man, Swiss Med Wkly, vol.139, pp.207-209, 2009.

J. K. Wong and S. A. Yukl, Tissue reservoirs of HIV, Curr Opin HIV AIDS, vol.11, pp.362-370, 2016.

M. Woolhouse, F. Scott, Z. Hudson, R. Howey, and M. Chase-topping, Human viruses: Discovery and emergence, Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci, vol.367, pp.2864-71, 2012.

, World Health Organisation. WHO fact sheets Herpes simplex virus

, World Health Organization (WHO), UNAIDS Rep, p.422, 2016.

H. Wu, L. Shi, Q. Wang, L. Cheng, X. Zhao et al., Mumps virusinduced innate immune responses in mouse Sertoli and Leydig cells, Sci Rep, vol.6, 2016.

H. Wu, H. Wang, W. Xiong, S. Chen, H. Tang et al., Expression patterns and functions of toll-like receptors in mouse sertoli cells, Endocrinology, vol.149, pp.4402-4414, 2008.

H. Wu, X. Zhao, F. Wang, Q. Jiang, L. Shi et al., Mouse Testicular Cell Type-Specific Antiviral Response against Mumps Virus Replication, Front Immunol, vol.8, p.117, 2017.

J. Xiao, L. Ren, H. Lv, Q. Ding, S. Lou et al., Atypical Microorganisms in Expressed Prostatic Secretion from Patients with Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome: Microbiological Results from a Case-Control Study, Urol Int, vol.91, pp.410-416, 2013.

H. Xin, J. Curry, R. W. Johnstone, B. J. Nickoloff, and D. Choubey, Role of IFI 16, a member of the interferon-inducible p200-protein family, in prostate epithelial cellular senescence, Oncogene, vol.22, pp.4831-4871, 2003.

W. Xiong, Y. Chen, H. Wang, H. Wang, H. Wu et al., Gas6 and the Tyro 3 receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily regulate the phagocytic function of Sertoli cells, Reproduction, vol.135, pp.77-87, 2008.

Y. Xiong and D. B. Hales, The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the regulation of mouse Leydig cell steroidogenesis, Endocrinology, vol.132, pp.2438-2444, 1993.

F. Xu, M. R. Sternberg, B. J. Kottiri, G. M. Mcquillan, F. K. Lee et al., Trends in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 Seroprevalence in the United States, JAMA, vol.296, p.964, 2006.

X. Xu, H. Zhao, Z. Gong, and G. Han, Endogenous retroviruses of non-avian/mammalian vertebrates illuminate diversity and deep history of retroviruses, PLoS Pathog, vol.14, p.1007072, 2018.

Y. Yamaguchi, T. Nagase, R. Makita, S. Fukuhara, T. Tomita et al., Identification of multiple novel epididymis-specific beta-defensin isoforms in humans and mice, J Immunol, vol.169, pp.2516-2539, 2002.

L. Yang, S. Xie, X. Feng, Y. Chen, T. Zheng et al., Worldwide Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus and Relative Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-analysis, Sci Rep, vol.5, p.14667, 2015.

L. Yang, R. Zhao, Y. Zheng, and X. Song, Effect of hepatitis C virus infection on the outcomes of in vitro fertilization, Int J Clin Exp Med, vol.8, pp.6230-6235, 2015.