J. F. Acquavella, H. Bruce, B. H. Alexander, J. S. Mandel, C. Gustin et al., Glyphosate biomonitoring for farmers and their families: results from the farm family exposure study, Environ. Health. Perspect, vol.112, pp.321-326, 2004.

H. Aebi, Catalase in vitro, Methods.Enzymol, vol.105, pp.121-126, 1984.

R. Badraoui, A. N. Bouayed, Z. Sahnoun, Z. Fakhfakh, and ;. T. Rebai, Effect of subchronic exposure to tetradifon on bone remodeling and metabolism in female rat, C. R. Biol, vol.330, pp.897-904, 2007.

S. Baim and P. D. Miller, Assessing the clinical utility of serum CTX in postmenopausal osteoporosis and its use in predicting risk of osteonecerosis of the jaw, J. Bone. Miner. Res, pp.24-561, 2009.

B. Basha, S. Rao, Z. H. Han, and M. Parfitt, Osteomalacia due to vitamin D depletion: a neglected consequence of intestinal malabsorption, Am. J. Med, vol.108, pp.296-300, 2000.

J. H. Bassett and G. R. Williams, The molecular actions of thyroid hormone in bone, Trends Endocrinol. Metab, vol.14, issue.8, pp.356-364, 2003.

J. D. Bassett and G. R. Williams, Role of thyroid hormones in skeletal development and bone maintenance, Endocr. Rev, vol.37, issue.2, pp.135-187, 2016.

B. C. Blount, L. Valentin-blasini, J. D. Osterloh, J. P. Mauldin, and J. L. Pirkle, Perchlorate exposure of the US population, J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol, vol.17, issue.4, pp.400-407, 2001.

J. Blaine, M. Chonchol, and M. Levi, Renal control of calcium, phosphate, and magnesium homeostasis, Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol, vol.10, pp.1257-1272, 2015.

M. Boas, U. Feldt-rasmussen, N. E. Skakkebaek, and K. M. Main, Environmental chemicals and thyroid function, Eur. J. Endocrinol, vol.154, pp.599-611, 2006.

S. Boonen, H. A. Bischoff-ferrari, C. Cooper, P. Lips, O. Ljunggren et al., Addressing the musculoskeletal components of fracture risk with calcium and vitamin D: a review of the evidence, Calcif. Tissue. Int, vol.78, pp.257-270, 2006.

J. A. Buege and S. D. Aust, Microsomal lipid peroxidation, Methods. Enzymol, vol.105, pp.302-310, 1984.

S. Caglar and D. Kolankaya, The effect of sub-acute and sub-chronic exposure of ratsto the glyphosate-based herbicide Roundup, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol, vol.25, pp.57-62, 2008.

É. Clair, R. Mesnage, C. Travert, and G. É. Séralini, A glyphosate-based herbicide induces necrosis and apoptosis in mature rat testicular cells in vitro, and testosterone decrease at lower levels, Toxicol. Vitro, vol.26, pp.269-279, 2012.

J. E. Compston, S. Vedi, A. B. Stephen, S. Bord, A. R. Lyons et al., Reduced bone formation after exposure to organophosphates, Lancet, vol.354, pp.1791-1792, 1999.

V. Contardo-jara, E. Klingelmann, and C. Wiegand, Bioaccumulation of glyphosate and its formulation Roundup in lumbriculus variegates and its effects on bio-transformation and antioxidant enzymes, Environ. Pollut, vol.157, pp.57-63, 2008.

, Draft Human Health Risk Assessment in Support of Registration Review

, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office

A. Engström, K. Michaëlsson, M. Vahter, B. Julin, A. Wolk et al., Associations between dietary cadmium exposure and bone mineral density and risk of osteoporosis and fractures among women, Bone, vol.50, pp.1372-1378, 2012.

. Fao, Toxicological evaluations; International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, 2004.

. Fao, Toxicological evaluations; International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, pp.373-385, 2011.

X. Feng and J. M. Mcdonald, Disorders of bone remodeling, Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech, vol.6, pp.121-145, 2011.

C. Gasnier, C. Dumont, N. Benachour, E. J. Clair, M. C. Chagnon et al., , 2009.

, Glyphosate-based herbicides are toxic and endocrine disruptors in human cell lines, Toxicol, vol.262, pp.184-189

E. J. Gimeno, M. Munoz-torres, F. Escobar-jimenez, M. Q. Charneco, J. L. Castillo et al., Identification of metabolic bone disease in patients with endogenous hyperthyroidism: role of biological markers of bone turnover, Calcif. Tissue. Int, vol.61, pp.370-376, 1997.

L. Hamdaoui, M. Naifar, F. Rahmouni, F. Ayadi, and T. Rebai, Sub-chronic exposure to Kalach 360 SL-induced damage in rats' liver and hematological system, Environ. Sci. Pollut, 2019.

L. Hamdaoui, M. Naifar, M. Mzid, M. Ben-salem, A. Chtourou et al., Nephrotoxicity of Kalach 360 SL: biochemical and histopathological findings, Toxicol. Mech. Meths, vol.26, pp.685-691, 2016.

L. Hamdaoui, M. Naifar, F. Rahmouni, B. Harrabi, F. Ayadi et al., Subchronic exposure to kalach 360 SL-induced endocrine disruption and ovary damage in female rats, Arch. Physiol. Bioch, vol.124, pp.27-34, 2018.

R. Heaney, M. S. Dowell, C. A. Hale, and A. Bendich, Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D, J. Am. Coll. Nutr, vol.22, pp.142-148, 2003.

, Human-Health Assessment Scoping Document in Support of Registration Review: Glyphosate

, Office of Pesticide Programs, Toxic Substances, 2009.

S. Jebahi, R. Nsiri, M. Boujbiha, E. Bouroga, T. Rebai et al.,

H. Oudadesse and H. El-feki, The impact of orthopedic device associated with carbonated hydroxyapatite on the oxidative balance: experimental study of bone healing rabbit model, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00816917

, Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol, vol.23, issue.7, pp.759-766

M. Kanatani, T. Sugimoto, H. Sowa, T. Kobayashi, M. Kanzawa et al., Thyroid hormone stimulates osteoclast differentiation by a mechanism independent of RANKL-RANK interaction, J. Cell. Physiol, vol.201, pp.17-25, 2004.

R. Lari, M. H. Elahi, and P. Lari, Diazinon exposure reduces trabecular and cortical bone mineral density, J. Med. Toxicol, vol.8, p.231, 2012.

V. Lemaire, F. L. Tobin, L. D. Greller, C. R. Cho, and L. J. Suva, Modeling the interactions between osteoblast and osteoclast activities in bone remodeling, J. theoretical boil, vol.229, pp.293-309, 2004.

M. P. Longnecker, D. C. Bellinger, D. Crews, B. Eskenazi, E. K. Silbergeld et al., An approach to assessment of endocrine disruption in thenational children's study, Environ. Health Perspect, vol.111, issue.13, pp.1691-1697, 2003.

O. H. Lowry, N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr, and R. J. Randall, Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent, J. Biol. Chem, vol.193, pp.265-275, 1951.

F. Liote and P. Orcel, Osteoarticular disorders of endocrine origin, Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol, vol.14, issue.2, pp.251-276, 2000.

S. C. Manolagas, C. A. O'brien, and M. Almeida, The role of estrogen and androgen receptors in bone health and disease, Nat. Rev. Endocrinol, vol.9, issue.12, p.699, 2013.

S. C. Manolagas, S. Kousteni, and R. L. Jilka, Sex steroids and bone. Recent progress in hormone research, vol.57, pp.385-410, 2002.

S. C. Manolagas, From estrogen-centric to aging and oxidative stress: a revised perspective of the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, Endocr. Rev, vol.31, p.266, 2010.

S. C. Manolagas and A. M. Parfitt, What old means to bone, Trends. Endocrinol. Metab, vol.21, pp.369-374, 2010.

S. Marklund and G. Marklund, Involvement of the super-oxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and convenient assay for superoxide dismutase, Eur. J. Biochem, vol.47, pp.469-474, 1975.

A. Mangara, N. M. Kouame, K. Soro, A. A. N-'-da, G. M. Gnahoua et al., Test d'efficacité d'un herbicide en culture d'ananas et de production d'Anguédédou en Côte d ' Ivoire, J. Appl. Biosci, vol.80, pp.7161-7172, 2014.

P. J. Mink, J. S. Mandel, B. K. Sceurman, and J. I. Lundin, Epidemiologic studies of glyphosate and cancer: a review, Regulat. Toxicol. Pharmacol, vol.63, issue.3, pp.440-452, 2012.

M. Misawa, J. Doull, and E. M. Uyeki, Teratogenic effects of cholinergicinsecticides in chick embryos. III. Development of cartilage and bone, J Toxicol. Environ. Health, vol.10, pp.551-563, 1982.

L. E. Monfoulet, B. Rabier, R. Dacquin, A. Anginot, J. Photsavang et al., Thyroid hormone receptor ? mediates thyroid hormone effects on bone remodeling and bone mass, J. Bone Mineral Resear, vol.26, issue.9, pp.2036-2044, 2011.

E. Murphy and G. R. Williams, The thyroid and the skeleton, Clin. Endocrinol (Oxf), vol.61, pp.285-298, 2004.

M. Mzid, R. Badraoui, S. B. Khedir, Z. Sahnoun, and T. Rebai, Protective effect of ethanolic extract of Urticaurens L. against the toxicity of imidacloprid on bone remodeling in rats and antioxidant activities, Biomed. Pharmacother, vol.91, pp.1022-1041, 2017.

D. E. Pagila and W. N. Valentine, Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase, J. Lab. Clin. Med, vol.70, pp.158-169, 1967.

L. Patrick, Thyroid Disruption: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications in Human Health, Altern. Med. Rev, vol.14, 2009.

S. Pesce, C. Fajon, C. Bardot, F. Bonnemoy, C. Portelli et al., Longitudinal changes in microbial planktonic communities of a French river in relation to pesticide and nutrient inputs, Aquat. Toxicol, vol.86, pp.352-360, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00528323

A. Rignell-hydbom, S. Skerfving, T. Lundh, C. H. Lindh, S. Elmståhl et al., Exposure to cadmium and persistent organochlorine pollutants and its association with bone mineral density and markers of bone metabolism on postmenopausal women, Environ. Res, vol.109, pp.991-996, 2009.

D. E. Rodwell, E. J. Tasker, and A. M. Blair, Protection Agency by Monsanto Company, prepared by International Research and Development Corporation, 1980.

U. ,

, Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993.

K. J. Strissel, Z. Stancheva, H. Miyoshi, J. W. Perfield-2nd, J. Defuria et al., Adipocyte death, adipose tissue remodeling, and obesity complications, Diabetes, vol.56, issue.12, pp.2910-2918, 2007.

M. Takahashi, M. Horie, and N. Aoba, Analysis of glyphosate and its metabolite, aminomethylphosphonic acid, in agricultural products by HPLC, Shokuhin. Eiseigaku. Zasshi, vol.42, pp.304-308, 2001.

C. D. Tomlin, The pesticide manual: a world compendium, 14 th edn, British Crop Protection Council, pp.545-548, 2006.

D. Tuchendler and M. Bolanowski, The influence of thyroid dysfunction on bone metabolism, J. Thyroid. Res, vol.7, p.12, 2014.

A. Turquetil and Y. Reznik, Les glandes surrénales, rôle et dysfonctionnement. Actualités Pharmaceutiques. 58(585), pp.18-22, 2019.

S. M. Waliszevski, V. T. Pardiosedus, and K. N. Waliszevski, Detection of same organochlorine pesticides in cow's milk, Food. Addit. Contam, vol.13, pp.231-235, 1996.

N. B. Watts, Clinical utility of biochemical markers of bone remodeling, Clin chem, vol.45, pp.1359-1368, 1999.

D. A. Williams, T. L. Lemke, and W. O. Foye, Foye's principles of medicinal chemistry, 2002.

, Negative immunostaining with KL treatment group (D1) (B, B1). Moreover, in the grouptreated with D2 of KL (C, C1) the immunoreactive stains are slightly positive. The immunoreactivity with specific antibody against calcitonin protein in the thyroid gland (A-C1) showed a brown ishcytoplasmic immunoreactive C cells adjacent to the basal membrane of thyroid follicles and in the interfollicular tissue: (White arrow: C cells). Original magnification 200X and 400X.(D): Histomophometric analysis of positives C cells. Values are expressed as mean ± SD, Immunohistochemistry with specific antibody against thyroglobulin and calcitonin protein

, KL-treated rats orally with the dose 1 (corresponding to 126 mg of, Goldner stained sections and SEM micrographs of distal femurs (Epiphysis) from control (A and A1)

G. Day, B and B1), and orally KL-treated rats with the dose 2 (corresponding to 315 mg of G/kg/day) (C, C1, C2 and C3).traverse. Original magnification of Goldner stain, vol.400

, Arrows indicate: : Continuous trabecular bone : Disappearance of the nodes (inter-trabecular link) : Discontinuities of the trabecular spans

, SEM micrographs of distal femurs from control (A, A1, A2 and A3

, KL-treated rats with the dose 1 (corresponding to 126 mg of G/kg/day) (B, B1, B2 and B3), and orally KL-treated rats with the dose 2 (corresponding to 315 mg of G/kg/day, p.2

, SEM micrographs of KL-treated rats show decreased connectivity and thinning of bone trabeculae continuous trabecular traverse. (D): Histomophometric analysis of intertrabecular distance in trabecular bone, +p < 0.05. Arrows indicate: : Thinning and discontinuity of bone trabecular : Intertrabicular distance, vol.3