N. E. Stork, How many species of insects and other terrestrial arthropods are there on earth?, Annu. Rev, p.477, 2018.

. Entomol, , vol.63, pp.31-45

F. Gill and D. Donsker, IOC World Bird List (v9.2), 2019.

C. J. Burgin, J. P. Colella, P. L. Kahn, and N. S. Upham, How many species of mammals are there, Journal, p.480, 2018.

, Mammalogy, vol.99, pp.1-14

S. Podulka, R. Rw, and R. Bonney, Handbook of Bird Biology. Cornell Lab of Ornithology 482 in association with, 2004.

U. M. Norberg, Vertebrate flight: mechanics, physiology, morphology, ecology and evolution, p.484, 1990.

H. Springer-berlin,

A. E. Duerr, T. A. Miller, M. Lanzone, D. Brandes, J. Cooper et al., , p.486

T. , Flight response of slope-soaring birds to seasonal variation in thermal generation, Funct Ecol, vol.29, pp.779-487, 2015.

. Cone and . Cd, Thermal soaring of birds, American Scientist, vol.50, pp.180-209, 1962.

G. Sachs, J. Traugott, A. P. Nesterova, G. Dell'omo, F. Kümmeth et al., , 2012.

, Flying at no mechanical energy cost: disclosing the secret of wandering albatrosses, PLoS ONE, vol.7

S. F. Simpson, The flight mechanism of the pigeon Columbia livia during take-off, Journal of Zoology, vol.493, pp.435-443, 0200.

D. R. Warrick, B. W. Tobalske, and D. R. Powers, Aerodynamics of the hovering hummingbird, Nature, vol.435, pp.1094-495, 2005.

J. Rayner, Bounding and undulating flight in birds, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.117, 1985.

J. R. Usherwood, Physiological, aerodynamic and geometric constraints of flapping account for bird gaits, 499 and bounding and flap-gliding flight strategies, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.408, 2016.

G. W. Barlow, Nature-nurture and the debates surrounding ethology and sociobiology, Am Zool, vol.31, pp.286-502, 1991.

T. ;. Schneirla, . Ds-lehrman, and . Hinde, Aspects of stimulation and organization in approach/withdrawal processes underlying 504 vertebrate behavioral development, Advances in the Study of Behavior, p.505, 1965.

. Shaw, , pp.1-74

G. Richard, Les comportements instinctifs. Presses universitaires de France, 1974.

D. Mcfarland, A Dictionary of Animal Behaviour, 2006.

G. Gottlieb, Probabilistic epigenesis, Developmental Science, vol.10, pp.1-11, 2007.

B. Naef-daenzer and M. U. Grüebler, Post-fledging survival of altricial birds: ecological determinants and 511 adaptation, J. Field Ornithol, vol.87, pp.227-250, 2016.

V. Reme? and B. Matysioková, Survival to independence in relation to pre-fledging development and latitude 513 in songbirds across the globe, J Avian Biol, vol.47, pp.610-618, 2016.

J. M. Wunderle, Age-specific foraging proficiency in birds, Current Ornithology, vol.8, pp.273-324, 1991.

A. M. Heers, New Perspectives on the Ontogeny and Evolution of Avian Locomotion, Integr. Comp. Biol, vol.516, pp.428-441, 2016.

D. R. Carrier, Ontogenetic limits on locomotor performance, Physiological Zoology, vol.69, pp.467-488, 1996.

A. Herrel and A. C. Gibb, Ontogeny of performance in vertebrates, Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, vol.79, pp.1-6, 2006.

T. E. Martin, Avian life history evolution in relation to nest sites, nest predation, and food, Ecological 522 Monographs, vol.65, pp.101-127, 1995.

J. M. Starck and R. E. Ricklefs, Avian Growth and Development, 1998.

N. Tinbergen, On aims and methods of Ethology, Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, vol.20, pp.410-433, 1963.

T. R. Dial and D. R. Carrier, Precocial hindlimbs and altricial forelimbs: partitioning ontogenetic strategies in 527 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.215, pp.3703-3710, 2012.

R. E. Moreau, The recording of incubation and fledging period, British Birds, vol.39, pp.66-70, 1940.

J. Bustamante, Post-fledging dependence period and development of flight and hunting behaviour in the 530, 1993.

, Red Kite Milvus milvus, Bird Study, vol.40, pp.181-188

T. Wesolowski, On the Origin of Parental Care and the Early Evolution of Male and Female Parental 532 Roles in Birds, The American Naturalist, vol.143, pp.39-58, 1994.

S. Howell, Molt in North American birds, 2010.

T. Aumann, Breeding Behaviour of the Brown Goshawk Accipiter fasciatus, Australian Bird Watcher, vol.12, pp.258-267, 1988.

S. Debus, A. J. Ley, S. Tremont, and R. Tremont, Breeding Behaviour and Diet of the Australian Hobby Falco 538 longipennis in Northern New South Wales, Australian Bird Watcher, vol.14, pp.123-137, 1991.

C. A. Delannoy and A. Cruz, Breeding biology of the Puerto Rican sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter striatus 540 venator). The Auk 105, pp.649-662, 1988.

A. M. Heers, B. W. Tobalske, and K. P. Dial, Ontogeny of lift and drag production in ground birds, Journal, p.542, 2011.

, Experimental Biology, vol.214, pp.717-725

D. Spalding, 1875 Instinct and acquisition, Nature, vol.12, pp.507-508

J. Grohmann, Modifikation oder Funktionsreifung? Ein Beitrag zur Klärung der wechselseitigen, p.545, 1939.

, Beziehungen zwischen Instinkthandlung und Erfahrung. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, vol.2, pp.132-144

N. Krischke, Beiträge Zur Ontogenese Der Flug-Und Manövrierfähigkeit Der Haustaube (Columba livia 548 var. domestica), Behav, vol.84, pp.265-286, 1983.

R. R. Provine, Development of wing-flapping and flight in normal and flap-deprived domestic chicks, Dev, vol.550, 1981.

. Psychobiol, , vol.14, pp.279-291

R. R. Provine, Wing-flapping" develops in wingless chicks, Behavioral and Neural Biology, vol.27, pp.233-237, 1979.

V. Hamburger and R. Oppenheim, Prehatching motility and hatching behavior in the chick, J. Exp. Zool, vol.166, pp.171-203, 1967.

D. B. Drachman and L. Sokoloff, The role of movement in embryonic joint development, Developmental 556 Biology, vol.14, pp.401-420, 1966.

J. Wright, S. Markman, and S. M. Denney, Facultative adjustment of pre-fledging mass loss by nestling swifts 558 preparing for flight, Proc. R. Soc. B, vol.273, pp.1895-1900, 2006.

C. M. Bishop, P. J. Butler, S. Egginton, A. J. El-haj, and G. W. Gabrielsen, Development of metabolic enzyme activity 560 in locomotor and cardiac muscles of the migratory barnacle goose, American Journal of Physiology, p.561, 1995.

. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol.269, pp.64-72

M. Pelsers, P. J. Butler, C. M. Bishop, and J. Glatz, Fatty acid binding protein in heart and skeletal muscles 563 of the migratory barnacle goose throughout development, American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, vol.564, 1999.

, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol.276, pp.637-643

S. J. Portugal, J. A. Green, C. R. White, G. M. Butler, and P. J. , Wild geese do not increase flight behaviour 566 prior to migration, Biol. Lett, vol.8, pp.469-472, 2012.

M. Coslovsky and H. Richner, Predation risk affects offspring growth via maternal effects, Functional 568 Ecology, vol.25, pp.878-888, 2011.

O. P. Love and T. D. Williams, The Adaptive Value of Stress-Induced Phenotypes: Effects of Maternally 570, 2008.

, Derived Corticosterone on Sex-Biased Investment, Cost of Reproduction, and Maternal Fitness. The American 571 Naturalist 172

E. H. Chin, O. P. Love, J. J. Verspoor, T. D. Williams, K. Rowley et al., Juveniles exposed to embryonic 573 corticosterone have enhanced flight performance, Proc. R. Soc. B, vol.276, pp.499-505, 2009.

P. Monaghan, Early growth conditions, phenotypic development and environmental change, 2008.

, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, vol.363, pp.1635-1645

D. O'hagan, C. P. Andrews, T. Bedford, M. Bateson, and D. Nettle, Early life disadvantage strengthens flight 577 performance trade-offs in European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, Animal Behaviour, vol.102, pp.141-148, 2015.

J. J. Verspoor, O. P. Love, R. E. Chin, E. H. Williams, and T. D. , Sex-specific development of avian flight 580 performance under experimentally altered rearing conditions, Behavioral Ecology, vol.18, pp.967-973, 2007.

F. Criscuolo, P. Monaghan, A. Proust, J. ?korpilová, J. Laurie et al., Costs of compensation: effect 583 of early life conditions and reproduction on flight performance in zebra finches, Oecologia, vol.167, pp.315-323, 2011.

D. C. Houston, D. Donnan, P. Jones, I. Hamilton, and D. Osborne, Changes in the muscle condition of female 586, 2008.

, Zebra Finches Poephila guttata during egg laying and the role of protein storage in bird skeletal muscle, Ibis, vol.587, issue.137, pp.322-328

J. S. Veasey, D. C. Houston, and N. B. Metcalfe, Flight muscle atrophy and predation risk in breeding birds, 589 Functional Ecology, vol.14, pp.115-121, 2000.

D. A. Miller, Immediate and delayed effects of poor developmental conditions on growth and flight ability 591 of juvenile mourning doves Zenaida macroura, Journal of Avian Biology, vol.42, pp.151-158, 2011.

D. Nettle and M. Bateson, Adaptive developmental plasticity: what is it, how can we recognize it and when 594 can it evolve?, Proc. R. Soc. B, vol.282, 2015.

J. Bustamante and F. Hiraldo, Post-fledging dependence period and maturation of flight skills in the Black 596, 1989.

, Kite Milvus migrans. Bird Study, vol.36, pp.199-204

D. G. Walker, Observations on the post-fledging period of the Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos in England, 1987.

, Ibis, vol.129, pp.92-96

R. Harel, N. Horvitz, and R. Nathan, Adult vultures outperform juveniles in challenging thermal soaring 600 conditions, Sci Rep, vol.6, 2016.

H. Kohno and K. Yoda, The development of activity ranges in juvenile Brown Boobies Sula leucogaster, Ibis, vol.602, issue.153, pp.611-615, 2011.

K. Yoda, H. Kohno, and Y. Naito, Development of flight performance in the brown booby, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 604 B, vol.271, 2004.

A. Corbeau, A. Prudor, A. Kato, and H. Weimerskirch, Development of flight and foraging behaviour in a 606 juvenile seabird with extreme soaring capacities, J Anim Ecol, 2019.

L. Riotte-lambert and H. Weimerskirch, Do naive juvenile seabirds forage differently from adults?, Proc. R. 609, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00853657

, Soc. B, vol.280, 20131434.

S. Rotics, The challenges of the first migration: movement and behaviour of juvenile vs. adult white 611 storks with insights regarding juvenile mortality, J Anim Ecol, vol.85, pp.938-947, 2016.

G. W. Mitchell, B. K. Woodworth, P. D. Taylor, and D. R. Norris, Automated telemetry reveals age specific 613 differences in flight duration and speed are driven by wind conditions in a migratory songbird, Mov Ecol, vol.3, p.614, 2015.

F. Sergio, A. Tanferna, D. Stephanis, R. Jiménez, L. L. Blas et al., Individual 616 improvements and selective mortality shape lifelong migratory performance, Nature, vol.515, pp.410-413, 2014.

J. Bustamante and J. J. Negro, The post-fledging dependence period of the lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) in 619 southwestern Spain, Journal of Raptor Research, vol.28, pp.158-163, 1994.

J. Baker and E. D. Ferree, Foraging ontogeny in a suburban population of Black Phoebes, 2016.

, The Wilson Journal of Ornithology, vol.128

M. D. Gall, L. D. Hough, and E. Fernández-juricic, Age-Related Characteristics of Foraging Habitats and 623, 2013.

, Foraging Behaviors in the Black Phoebe (Sayornis nigricans ), The Southwestern Naturalist, vol.58, pp.41-49

K. Marchetti and T. Price, Differences in the foraging of juvenile and adult birds: the importance of 626 developmental constraints, Biological Reviews, vol.64, pp.51-70, 1989.

J. Moreno, Parental care of fledged young, division of labor, and the development of foraging techniques 628 in the northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe L.), The Auk, vol.101, pp.741-752, 1984.

N. B. Davies, Parental care and the transition to independent feeding in the young spotted flycatcher 630 (Muscicapa striata), Behaviour, vol.59, pp.280-294, 1976.

H. C. Mueller, N. S. Mueller, and P. G. Parker, Observation of a brood of sharp-shinned hawks in Ontario, with 632 comments on the functions of sexual dimorphism, The Wilson Bulletin, vol.93, pp.85-92, 1981.

C. M. Heyes, Social learning in animals: categories and mechanisms, Biological Reviews, vol.69, pp.207-231, 1994.

A. Whiten and R. Ham, On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: reappraisal of a 636 century of research, Advances in the Study of Behavior, vol.21, pp.239-283, 1992.

D. E. Varland, E. E. Klaas, and T. M. Loughin, Development of foraging behavior in the American kestrel, Journal 638 of Raptor Research, vol.25, pp.9-17, 1991.

J. Bustamante, Behavior of colonial common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) during the post-fledging 640 dependence period in southwestern Spain, Journal of Raptor Research, vol.28, pp.79-83, 1994.

I. Kitowski, Differences between social and non-social hunting of juvenile Montagu's Harriers Circus 642 pygargus in the post-fledging dependence period, Ornithologischer Anzeiger, vol.42, pp.147-152, 2003.

I. Kitowski, Social learning of hunting skills in juvenile marsh harriers Circus aeruginosus, J Ethol, vol.27, pp.327-332, 2009.

T. M. Caro and M. D. Hauser, Is there teaching in nonhuman animals?, The Quarterly Review of Biology, vol.67, pp.151-174, 1992.

I. Kitowski, Play behaviour and active training of Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus) offspring in the 648 post-fledging period, J Ethol, vol.23, pp.3-8, 2005.

W. R. Spofford and D. Amadon, Live preys to young raptors -incidental or adaptive, Journal of Raptor 650 Research, vol.27, pp.180-184, 1993.

R. Meinertzhagen, The education of young ospreys, Ibis, vol.96, pp.153-155, 1954.

C. P. Schaadt and L. M. Rymon, Innate fishing behavior of osprey, Raptor Research, vol.16, pp.61-62, 1982.

V. Dinets, Crane dances as play behaviour, Ibis, vol.155, pp.424-425, 2013.

C. B. Frith and W. T. Cooper, Courtship display and mating of Victoria's riflebird Ptiloris victoriae with notes 656 on the courtship displays of congeneric species, Emu -Austral Ornithology, vol.96, pp.102-113, 1996.

R. Durães, Lek structure and male display repertoire of blue-crowned manakins in eastern Ecuador, p.659, 2009.

, Condor, vol.111, pp.453-461

K. Collis and G. Borgia, The costs of male display and delayed plumage maturation in the satin bowerbird 661 (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus), Ethology, vol.94, pp.59-71, 2010.

M. Soma, M. Iwama, R. Nakajima, and R. Endo, Early-life lessons of the courtship dance in a dance-duetting 663 songbird, the Java sparrow, R. Soc. open sci, vol.6, 2019.

J. M. Davis, The coordinated aerobatics of dunlin flocks, Animal Behaviour, vol.28, pp.668-673, 1980.

M. Yomosa, T. Mizuguchi, G. Vásárhelyi, and M. Nagy, Coordinated behaviour in pigeon flocks, PLoS ONE, vol.667, issue.10, 2015.

S. J. Portugal, R. Isaac, K. L. Quinton, and S. J. Reynolds, Do captive waterfowl alter their behaviour patterns 669 during their flightless period of moult?, J Ornithol, vol.151, pp.443-448, 2010.

S. J. Portugal, J. A. Green, and P. J. Butler, Annual changes in body mass and resting metabolism in captive 671 barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis): the importance of wing moult, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.210, pp.1391-672, 2007.

S. J. Portugal, S. Thorpe, J. A. Green, J. P. Myatt, and P. J. Butler, Testing the use/disuse hypothesis: pectoral and 674 leg muscle changes in captive barnacle geese Branta leucopsis during wing moult, Journal of Experimental 675 Biology, vol.212, pp.2403-2410, 2009.

T. Piersma, Breast muscle atrophy and constraints on foraging during the flightless period of wing molting 677 great crested grebes, Ardea, vol.76, pp.96-106, 1988.

J. R. Jehl, Cyclical changes in body composition in the annual cycle and migration of the Eared Grebe 679, 1997.

, Podiceps nigricollis, Journal of Avian Biology, vol.28

A. S. Gaunt, R. S. Hikida, and J. R. Jehl, Rapid atrophy and hypertrophy of an avian flight muscle, The Auk, vol.107, pp.681-649, 1990.

E. De-margerie, M. Simonneau, J. Caudal, C. Houdelier, and S. Lumineau, 3D tracking of animals in the 683 field using rotational stereo videography, vol.218, pp.2496-2504, 2015.

B. E. Jackson, D. J. Evangelista, D. D. Ray, and T. L. Hedrick, 3D for the people: multi-camera motion capture 686 in the field with consumer-grade cameras and open source software, Biology Open, vol.5, pp.1334-1342, 2016.

D. H. Theriault, N. W. Fuller, B. E. Jackson, E. Bluhm, D. Evangelista et al., A 689 protocol and calibration method for accurate multi-camera field videography, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.690, pp.1843-1848, 2014.